ADVANCED MATERIALS
·
2023
·Vol. 35
·期 49
·2305630
·
IF 29.4
Fan Chen,Qiuna Zhuang,Yichun Ding,Chi Zhang,Xian Song,Zijian Chen,Yaokang Zhang,Quanjin Mei,Xin Zhao,Qiyao Huang,Zijian Zheng
Skin electronics provides remarkable opportunities for non-invasive and long-term monitoring of a wide variety of biophysical and physiological signals that are closely related to health, medicine, and human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, conventional skin electronics fabricated on elastic thin films are difficult to adapt to the wet microenvironments of the skin: Elastic thin films are non-permeable, which block the skin perspiration; Elastic thin films are difficult to adhere to wet skin; Most skin electronics are difficult to work underwater. Here, a Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin (WADE-skin) is reported, which consists of a next-to-skin wet-adhesive fibrous layer, a next-to-air waterproof fibrous layer, and a stretchable and permeable liquid metal electrode layer. While the electronic functionality is determined by the electrode design, this WADE-skin simultaneously offers superb stretchability, wet adhesion, permeability, biocompatibility, and waterproof property. The WADE-skin can rapidly adhere to human skin after contact for a few seconds and stably maintain the adhesion over weeks even under wet conditions, without showing any negative effect to the skin health. The use of WADE-skin is demonstrated for the stable recording of electrocardiogram during intensive sweating as well as underwater activities, and as the strain sensor for the underwater operation of virtual reality-mediated human-machine interactions.
研究领域:
生物医学工程
·
材料科学
·
健康监测
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 19
Yuqing Tian,Wei Wei,Zhouquan Sun,Yunhao Hu,Kerui Li,Qinghong Zhang,Yaogang Li,Chengyi Hou,Hongzhi Wang
Using body heat as a sustainable energy source through the thermoelectric effect to power wearable electronics is promising. Ionic thermoelectric materials based on the thermogalvanic effect can generate stable voltage under low-temperature differences, but their low thermopower and poor contact interface with electrodes hinder practical use. In this study, strong chaotropic salts are utilized to modify the solvation shells of ions, increasing the thermopower of the p-type redox couple [Fe(CN)₆] 3 ⁻/[Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ to 3.98 mV K −1 . Additionally, Arrhenius acid is introduced to inhibit the deprotonation of the n-type redox couple Fe 3 ⁺/Fe 2 ⁺, enhancing the thermopower to −2.29 mV K −1 . Liquid metal electrodes, with excellent deformability and hydrogen bonding with hydrogel surfaces, effectively reduce the resistance of thermocells. Thus, a pair of p-n thermocells achieve a voltage output of 118 mV and a current density of 4.5 A m − 2 , with a maximum power density of 0.11 W m − 2 (Δ T = 5 K). A wearable device integrated with 18 p-n pairs can generate a voltage of 2.2 V from body heat and continuously power portable electronic devices. This work demonstrates the promising potential of wearable self-powered devices for practical daily applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
·
生物医学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2019
·Vol. 87
·期 3
·142-147
·
IF 1.293
Handong JIAO,Junxiang WANG,Donghua TIAN,Shuqiang JIAO
The electrochemical behaviour of Ti4+ (K2TiF6) at liquid tin and bismuth electrodes has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry in the LiF–NaF–KF eutectic melt. Result shows that, on the liquid metal electrodes, the reduction reaction of the solvent occurs at more positive potential than that on the inert molybdenum electrode. There are two reduction steps including Ti4+ + e = Ti3+ and Ti3+ + 3e = Ti (Ti–Sn alloys) on the liquid tin electrode within the electrochemical window of the melt. However, only one redox process corresponding to the redox of the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple is observed at liquid bismuth electrode.
研究领域:
电化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Science Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 11
·期 18
·
IF 12.5
Shengnan Wang,Deshuai Yang,Pu Zhang,Yihui Guo,Xingjun Liu,Ming Zhao,Jiaxiong Zhu,Pei Li,Xianfeng Li,Jun Fan,Chunyi Zhi
Zinc-based flow batteries (Zn-FBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage because of their intrinsic safety and high energy density. Unlike that conventional flow batteries operate on the basis of liquid-liquid conversions, the Zn anode in Zn-FBs adopts a solid-liquid conversion reaction, presenting challenges such as dendrite formation, poor reversibility, and low areal capacity, limiting its long-duration energy storage (LDES) applications. Here, we developed a liquid metal (LM) electrode that evolves the deposition/dissolution reaction of Zn into an alloying/dealloying process within the LM, thereby achieving extraordinary areal capacity and dendrite-free Zn-FBs with outstanding cycling stability. Both Zn-I2 and Zn-Br2 flow batteries using LM electrodes exhibited an ultrahigh areal capacity of 640 milliampere-hours per square centimeter, corresponding to an ultralong discharge duration of ~16 hours, thus exceeding the LDES standard defined by the US Department of Energy. This study breaks the solid-liquid working mode of the Zn anode, offering an effective solution for LDES applications with Zn-FBs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Nano Materials
·
2025
·
IF 5.5
Jiuyang Wang,Xiaotong Jia,Ding Yu,Luqi Yao,Yunfang Jia
A flexible electrode is a critical element in enabling real-time, stable charge transport between the soft device’s internal functional material and the external measuring unit. Though the traditional methods of preparing flexible electrodes, which depend on coating conductive materials on insulating flexible substrates, can provide excellent electrical conductivity, the flexibility is still limited by the ductility of the conductive film and the substrate, as well as their compatibility. To address the challenge of improving flexibility, a liquid metal (LM)-based one-step molding process is developed in this work to fabricate the free-standing flexible electrode, which is demonstrated to be capable of improving the sensitivity and responding time of the pressure sensor as a proof of concept. By this method, the conductive and insulating layers may be formed simultaneously, enabled by LM particle sedimentation and APU solidification during the molding process. The as-prepared LM/APU composite thin films are elaborately characterized from micromorphology, chemistry, and flexible electronics viewpoints. Furthermore, in the proof-of-concept application, the high sensitivities in the ranges of 0–140 and 140–300 kPa, the rapid response (83 ms), and recovery times (105 ms) demonstrated that the proposed free-standing LM electrode was able to provide an unobstructed electrical channel between the pressure-sensitive layer (i.e., the carbon nanofiber-coated elastic sponge) in the tested pressure sensor and the measuring appliance. With the use of these free-standing LM-based electrode-assembled flexible pressure sensors, the mechanical stimuli generated by joint extension and contraction were successfully converted to electrical signals in real time. Conclusively, this one-step molded LM-based flexible electrode is demonstrated to afford unfailing, durable, and adaptable electronic contacts for flexible devices. We think it may pave a new way in developing wearable and soft electronic products.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
柔性电子学
·
传感器技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Nature Communications
·
2025
·Vol. 16
·期 1
·1-9
·
IF 15.7
Sun Xiaolong,Hou Yue,Zhu Zheng,Zhu Bo,Ding Qianfeng,Zhou Wenjie,Yan Sijia,Xia Zhanglong,Liu Yong,Hou Youmin,Yu Yuan,Wang Ziyu
Flexible thermoelectric devices enable direct energy conversion between heat and electrical energy, making them ideal for wearable electronics and personal thermal management. Yet, current devices lack functional module expansion, which limits the customization for diverse energy-harvesting heat sources and complicates their assembly to meet the specific power requirements of electrical appliances. Moreover, existing devices cannot be stacked to enhance thermoelectric cooling performance while maintaining flexibility and self-healing capabilities. Here, by selectively encapsulating liquid metal electrodes with carbon nanotube-doped self-healing materials with increased thermal conductivity, we substantially improve heat transfer across thermoelectric legs, thereby maximizing energy conversion efficiency. The device achieves a normalized power density of 3.14 μW ⋅ cm −2 ⋅ K −2 , setting a benchmark for self-healing thermoelectric devices. Benefiting from self-healing materials and liquid metal, the device demonstrates both self-healing capabilities and modular assembly, greatly expanding the application scenarios of flexible thermoelectric devices in wearable power generation and refrigeration.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
·
柔性电子
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
NANOTECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 13
·135501
·
IF 3.551
Guishan Wang,Peng Yang,Bailiang Chen,Guanjun Liu,Jing Qiu
A great deal of engineering effort is focused on developing stretchable strain sensors for human motion monitoring and wearable devices. The ultrasensitivity and fast response under tiny strain (1%) while maintaining the working range remain the grand challenge. In this work, we propose an entirely stretchable strain sensor based on the sandwich sensing film, which is fabricated by vacuum filtration of silver nanowires (AgNWs)/ graphene/ AgNWs in sequence and the injection of liquid metal as electrodes. The novel sandwich sensing film endows the stretchable strain sensor high sensitivity under tiny strain (Gauge factor = 111.5 at 1%), fast response (<10 ms), relative large working range (0%–35%) with a maximum gauge factor of 1403.7, followed by good linearity, long-term durability, and the recovery property from being overstretched (>100%). The excellent performance is due to the slippage of the inner graphene under tiny strain, whereas the 'sewing' phenomenon of the outer AgNWs under larger strain. The sandwich structure illustrates a better combination of graphene and AgNWs than other hybrid methods, showing great potential in wearable devices and soft robotics.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
柔性电子
·
传感器技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
LANGMUIR
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Yi Niu,Xiaosen Pan,Jia Zhao,Xueyong Xie,Yuheng Lv,Yuyang Sun,Zhao Wei,Jun Wang,Yunsheng Fang
Sleep electroencephalography monitoring has become an effective strategy for health evaluation. However, conventional gel electrodes suffer from inherent limitations such as moisture loss and poor breathability, compromising long-term signal stability and wear comfort. Here, we present a facile strategy for fabricating breathable, biocompatible liquid-metal electrodes with enhanced interfaces. Eutectic gallium–indium particles fabricated via ultrasonication are coordinated with (3-mercaptopropyl) triethoxysilane and patterned onto a fiber matrix. During ambient drying, thiol–silane dehydration and condensation generates a polymer network that entangles with the fiber matrix while encapsulating the liquid-metal droplets. When pressure is applied, the encapsulated liquid metal exudes to form the interface-enhanced electrode, demonstrating exceptional tolerance to water washing, air exposure, and mechanical deformations, along with superior skin compatibility and lower interface impedance compared with those of commercial gel electrodes. As a proof of concept, the integrated head-worn epidermal electrodes achieved continuous sleep electroencephalography monitoring for 6 h, highlighting their potential for unobtrusive and long-term wearable health surveillance.
研究领域:
生物医学工程
·
材料科学
·
神经科学
·
可穿戴电子
·
柔性电子
·
健康监测技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2024
·
IF 8.3
Meng-Ting Xu,Yu Zhu,Chang Wei,Lei Liu,Zicai Zhu,Zhen-Hua Tang,Yuan-Qing Li,Shao-Yun Fu
Electrodes with high electrical conductivity, yet good flexibility and mechanical compliance, are critical for electroactive artificial muscles. Herein, a promising liquid metal (LM) electrode is proposed by transforming eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) LM with high surface tension into paste-like LM with solid Ga2O3 shells. The developed compliant LM electrode not only shows high conductivity and negligible additional stiffness but also displays excellent electrical stability during cyclic actuation. Based on the LM electrode, the poly(vinyl chloride) gel (PVCG) artificial muscle developed exhibits the maximum actuation strain of 18.7% at a low electric field strength of 9 V μm–1 and maintains excellent durability without obvious performance attenuation after 10,000 s. A comparison shows that the as-developed PVCG artificial muscle is superior over that based on widely used carbon electrodes. Moreover, an artificial upper limb and crawling worm were manufactured to explore the great potential of PVCG artificial muscle in the robotic field. In addition, the practical application demonstration of the PVCG artificial muscle in the biomimetics field is also successfully fulfilled through the design of reasonable structures. Due to its easy fabrication, excellent electrical conductivity, and high mechanical compliance, the newly developed LM electrode is promising for high-performance PVCG artificial muscles in bionic robots.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
机器人学
·
电活性聚合物
·
生物机电一体化
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
npj Flexible Electronics
·
2024
·Vol. 8
·期 1
·1-8
·
IF 12.3
Zhang Jiaxue,Lu Qianying,Wu Ming,Sun Yuping,Wang Shaolei,Wang Xiaoliang,Lu Ming-Hui,Kong Desheng
Stretchable displays that combine light-emitting capabilities with mechanical compliance are essential building blocks of next-generation wearable electronics. However, their widespread applications are currently limited by complex device architecture, limited pixel density, and immature fabrication processes. In this study, we present the device design and material developments of intrinsically stretchable light-emitting drawing displays that can show arbitrary hand-drawing features. The alternating-current electroluminescent display uses a simplified architecture comprising coplanar interdigitated liquid metal electrodes, an electroluminescent layer, and a dielectric encapsulation layer. Ink patterns on the device are coupled with the interdigitated electrodes under alternating voltage stimulations, generating localized electric fields for bright emissions. Various inks are prepared for painting, stamping, and stencil printing. Arbitrary luminous features on the devices can be either long-lasting or transient in characteristics. These skin-like devices are made entirely of compliant materials that can withstand bending, twisting, and stretching manipulations. Due to the excellent mechanical deformability, the drawing displays can be conformally laminated on the skin as body-integrated optoelectronic communication devices for graphic information.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电子工程
·
可穿戴技术
·
光电子学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2025
·
IF 8.2
Yunfei Bai,Haolong Zhang,Dongkai Wang,Min Zhang
The development of high-performance wearable haptic actuators remains challenging for immersive virtual reality (VR) applications due to limitations in voltage efficiency, low-voltage operation, and tactile fidelity. This work presents conformal elastic electret actuators composed of silica and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposites and liquid-metal (LM) electrodes, which overcome limitations in skin–device mechanical mismatch and energy efficiency. Through parametric polarization optimization under coupled thermal-electric fields (4 MV/m, 180 °C), the actuators demonstrate low threshold voltage (38.2 V) and exceptional strong vibrational output (381 nN/V), which surpass those of conventional dielectric elastomer (DE) actuators (143 nN/V at 1000 V) and hydraulically amplified taxel (HAXEL) systems (214 nN/V at 500 V). The elastomer dip-coating fabrication enables finger–conformal integration, providing 119.9% displacement enhancement and maintaining kilohertz-range waveform fidelity under various driving signals compared to nonconformal configurations. Wearable haptic interaction systems with five-channel actuators achieve 95.4% accuracy in remote character transmission (635 trials) and facilitate proprioceptive guidance in piano pedagogy. When integrated into the VR system, the actuators achieve 91.2% discrimination of standardized textures (Ra = 0.8–12.5 μm) through spectral encoding of the surface roughness. This technology bridges the gap between wearable haptics and immersive VR, advancing applications in telematics, skill training, and virtual texture rendering.
研究领域:
可穿戴技术
·
触觉技术
·
虚拟现实系统
·
聚合物纳米复合材料
·
电活性聚合物
·
人机交互
·
机器人学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 19
Yuke Deng,Yuxiao Zhang,Xinmin Bai,Kan Kan,Shaoyu Ma,Anjun Huang,Jianbei Qiu,Yangke Cun,Yue Liu,Ji Zhou,Zhengwen Yang
A novel self-powered opto-electrically coupled non-pixelated electrochromic device has been presented for dynamic pressure visualization, addressing the limitations of conventional pressure sensors, such as rigid systems, high power consumption, and environmental sensitivity. The device integrates a flexible architecture with a WO 3 @Eu 3 ⁺/Ag nanowires (Ag NWs) composite layer, enabling dual-mode pressure-responsive optical modulation: electrochromism under mechanical pressure and photoluminescence for dark-environment visualization. By leveraging the redox potential difference between, and liquid metal (InSnBi) electrodes, the device achieves self-powered color switching without external energy input. An air gap design isolates the electrolyte and electrochromic layers, ensuring localized pressure-triggered color changes. Experimental results demonstrate a high spatial resolution (200 µm), a broad pressure response range (0–25 N), and stable pattern retention for 30 days. The dual-mode operation, combining pressure-induced electrochromism and rare-earth photoluminescence, enables applications in biometric authentication, dynamic art preservation, and multilevel optical encryption. This work advances flexible sensing technology by merging mechanical and optical biometric features, offering a low-power, environmentally adaptable solution for real-time pressure visualization.
研究领域:
柔性电子学
·
光电子器件
·
传感器与执行器
·
智能材料
·
信息安全
·
生物特征认证
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）