POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2015
·
IF 3.163
Weihua Xu,Alvianto Wirasaputra,Shumei Liu,Yanchao Yuan,Jianqing Zhao
A highly effective 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based flame retardant (D-bp) was successfully synthesized via the addition reaction between DOPO and Schiff-base obtained in advance by the condensation of 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. D-bp was used as co-curing agent to improve the flame retardancy of DDM/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) system. Non-isothermal curing kinetics, thermal and flame-retardant properties of cured epoxy resins were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimeric analysis (TGA), UL94 vertical burning test, limited oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test. The morphology of residues after cone calorimeter test was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the epoxy thermosets exhibited excellent flame-retardancy and passed V-0 rating of UL 94 test with LOI of 39.7% when the phosphorus content was only 0.5 wt%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research
·
2024
·
IF 9.9
Li-Yao Zhang,Wan-Meng Song,Yun Liu
Polyester-cotton fabrics (PTCO) have excellent properties and are ubiquitous in daily life, but their serious flammability brings great safety hazards to people's lives. This study used phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA) and urea as raw materials to prepare a flame retardant named POU. PTCO/POU was prepared by the pad-dry-cure technique, and the performance was compared with that of PTCO/PPOA, revealing many interesting phenomena. Based on the gas phase and condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism brought by P/N synergy, PTCO/POU had better flame retardancy than PTCO/PPOA did. The damaged length was 6.7 cm, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was 30.1%. The char residues after burning were complete and denser with a higher degree of graphitization. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that POU can significantly reduce the R max of PTCO, and improve its thermal stability in high temperature zones. The CCT results showed that PTCO/POU had the longest time to ignition and the smallest fire growth index, which was of great significance for reducing fire risk. The TG-FTIR results showed that the volatile products of PTCO/POU were greatly reduced, and during the burning process, NH 3 was produced to dilute the concentration of combustible gases. In addition, PTCO/POU also had better whiteness performance than PTCO/PPOA did. This work greatly improved the flame retardancy of PTCO in a simple way and expanded its application prospects.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
消防安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 141
·期 14
·e55192
·
IF 2.7
Jing-Fang Zhang,Ren-Cheng Tang
Kapok fiber (KF) with a naturally hollow structure has found an increasing application in filling and composite materials, most of which have a demand of flame retardancy. To realize this high-value utilization, KF was phosphorylated by a reactive phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing flame retardant for enhanced fire safety. The flame retardant was first synthesized by the reaction of urea and diethylene triamine pentakis (methyl phosphonic acid) (a commercially available scale inhibitor) with low cost, and then, applied in the phosphorylation of KF in the presence of dicyandiamide. In thermogravimetric analysis, phosphorylated KF showed 38.1% residue weight in nitrogen and 10.2% residue weight in air at 700°C, whereas the residue weight of KF was 8.4% in nitrogen and 1.5% in air. In microcalorimetric analysis, the heat release capacity and total heat release of phosphorylated KF displayed a reduction of 81% and 55%, respectively. In vertical combustion test, phosphorylated KF was difficult to ignite and had no afterburning or smoldering. The tests indicated that phosphorylated KF had excellent charring properties, low heat release, and good flame retardancy. This work suggests a promising strategy of enhancing the flame retardancy of KF and increasing its applicability in filling and composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 4
·376
·
IF 2.8
Piye Wu,Jingjie Hu,Chanyu Liu,Ping He,Feng You,Hao Yang,Man Xu
Unsaturated polyester (UP) resin is widely utilized in the construction and automotive industries. The flammable nature of UP must be constrained when its products are manufactured. A novel organic flame retardant has been synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and triallyl isocyanate (TAIC). This DOPO-TAIC additive has been used to reduce the flammability of a matrix. Additionally, this flame retardant was then combined with dopamine-modified silicon carbide (M-SiC) to further diminish the flammability of UP. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value combustion of a UP/DOPO-TAIC/M-SiC blend was 30.8% when the filler contents of DOPO-TAIC and M-SiC was 15 wt.% and 30 wt.%, respectively. These materials exhibited a UL 94 V-0 rating for combustion. Compared to the values for combustion of the neat UP, the peak heat release rate (Pk-HRR) and total heat release rate (THR) for this blend were reduced by 51% and 35%, respectively. The mode of action for flame retardant of UP blends containing DOPO-TAIC and M-SiC has been composed. The presence of a flame retardant containing P-Si elements can significantly reduce flammability compared to that of unmodified resin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 55
·期 27
·12836-12847
·
IF 3.553
Zhu Zongmin,Lin Panlong,Wang Hao,Wang Luoxin,Yu Bin,Yang Feihua
Abstract In order to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin (EP) simultaneously, we synthesized a melamine phenylhypophosphonate named as MABP via a simple one-step method and used it to modify EP materials. As expected, the addition of MABP not only largely improved the flame retardancy but also restrained the smoke release of EP. For details, when the content of MABP was 10 wt%, the EP composite possessed a limiting oxygen index value of 33% and achieved to a UL-94 V-0 rating as well as its PHRR, THR and TSP values decreased by 55.1%, 27.1% and 60% compared with that of neat EP, respectively. In addition, the flame-retardant mechanism was investigated by multiple instruments, and the corresponding results exhibited that the MABP could improve the compactness of char layer in condense phase and exerted fire-inhibition effect in gaseous phase. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
·
2023
·Vol. 31
·期 8
·3573-3584
·
IF 5.3
Chen Zixuan,Sun Fei,Zhao Huakun,Yu Tao,Yang Weidong,Li Qian,Li Yan
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a bio-based polymer that is derived from renewable plant resources, such as corn, cassava, and other crops. It has a wide range of potential applications. However, currently, the PLA produced on an industrial scale is a thermoplastic polymer, which has poor mechanical strength and poor flame retardancy. These mediocre properties limit its potential uses in housings, structural interior of automotives, and packaging. The present study aimed to overcome the limitations of thermoplastic PLA by developing a synthesis route for producing thermosetting PLA with improved flame retardancy. The synthesis involved reacting 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) with itaconic acid (IA), polymerizing the product with pentaerythritol (PENTA) and lactic acid (LA) oligomer, and end-functionalizing with methacrylic anhydride (MAAH). The success of the synthesis was confirmed by analyzing the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) analysis. The curing kinetics is elaborated by Kissinger’s and Crane’s methods with outstanding fitting. Increasing the LA-to-PENTA ratio results in higher molecular weight and larger arm length, leading to less crosslinking density and lower phosphorus content. A 10:1 LA-to-PENTA mole ratio contributes to UL-94 V1 ranking, 24% limit oxygen index (LOI), 183 kJ/g heat release capacity (HRC), and 21.4 kJ/g total heat release (THR) indicating the admirable flame retardancy. The development of flame-retardant thermosetting PLA could be a significant step forward in expanding its potential applications and improving its properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 16.744
Gaobo Lou,Qingqing Rao,Qing Li,Zhicheng Bai,Xingwei He,Youhua Xiao,Jinfeng Dai,Shenyuan Fu,Shengxiang Yang
The flammability and brittleness of epoxy resin (EP) restrict its application in advanced manufacturing. One promising strategy is to develop a flame retardant with high efficiency and enhanced toughness, but the existing preparation processes of flame retardants are complicated. In addition, these fire retardants have unsatisfactory efficiency and poor preservation of mechanical properties. In this work, a novel ionic complex was successfully synthesized via a facile neutralization reaction between methylphosphonic acid (MPA) and 1,10-diaminodecane (DAD). The complex, namely, MPA–DAD, is designed for use as a flame retardant and toughening additive for EP. Results show that 8 wt% MPA–DAD enabled EP to pass the UL 94 V-0 rating, with a 29 % limiting oxygen index, and greatly reduced the peak heat release rate and the total heat release, thus fulfilling the fire safety requirement in application. Additionally, as the ionic bonds resulted in a significant amount of dissipated energy and enhanced fracture toughness, the EP/8% MPA–DAD composite exhibited 1030 % and 611 % increases in tensile toughness and flexural toughness, respectively, and showed well-preserved strength. This work provides a facile fabrication route for high efficiency, multifunctional flame retardants for use in the manufacture of fire-safe, advanced EP composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2020
·
IF 7.635
Shuang Yang,Siqi Huo,Jun Wang,Bin Zhang,Jingsheng Wang,Shiya Ran,Zhengping Fang,Pingan Song,Hao Wang
The design of highly fire-safe and smoke-suppressive single-component epoxy (EP) resins combining modest curing temperature and fast curing rate has been desirable yet very challenging in both academia and industry. Herein, we report a facile design of a phosphorus/imidazole-containing single-component EP system via incorporating 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and a flame-retardant curing agent cyclotriphosphazene-modified benzimidazole (BICP) into EP. Our results show that EP/DOPO/BICP exhibits a rapid modest-temperature curing feature because DOPO serves as a switch that triggers BICP to release benzimidazole (BIM) via substitution reaction in the initial curing stage. Moreover, as-prepared EP/DOPO/BICP shows outstanding fire retardancy, reflected by the high limited oxygen index (LOI) of 38.3% and UL-94 V-0 rating. Compared to the control EP system, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/DOPO/BICP remarkably decrease by ~74.5% and ~50.6%, respectively, which is superior to previously-reported flame-retardant P-containing epoxy counterparts. The significant enhancements in flame retardancy and smoke suppression are mainly due to the formation of a highly intumescent char layer and the reduced burning degree of pyrolysis fragments. This work offers a facile and scalable strategy for creating fast-curing, modest-temperature curable, highly fire-resistant and smoke-suppressive one-component epoxy systems applicable to large-scale industrial production.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 34
·22236-22243
·
IF 4.036
Yunchao Xiao,Yaru Yang,Qiulan Luo,Bolin Tang,Jipeng Guan,Qiang Tian
To simultaneously improve the flame retardancy, strength and toughness of polylactic acid (PLA) fibers, a composite flame retardant CNTs-H-C was prepared with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the core, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene as linker, and chitosan grafted on the surface. The prepared CNTs-H-C was introduced into a PLA matrix to obtain CNTs-H-C/PLA composites and fibers via a melt-blending method. The morphology, structure, flame retardant properties and mechanical properties were thoroughly characterized, and the flame retardant mechanism was studied. Results showed that the prepared CNTs-H-C displayed a nanotube-like morphology with good compatibility and dispersion in the PLA matrix. After blending with PLA, CNTs-H-C/PLA composites exhibited outstanding flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index (LOI) increasing from 20.0% to 27.3%, UL94 rating reaching V-0. More importantly, the introduction of CNTs-H-C did not affect the spinnability of PLA. Compared with pure PLA fibers, the LOI of CNTs-H-C/PLA fibers with a CNTs-H-C content of 1.0 wt% increased by 32.5%, and meanwhile the breaking strength and elongation increased by 28.2% and 30.4%, respectively. Mechanism study revealed that CNTs-H-C/PLA possessed a typical condensed phase flame retardancy mechanism. In short, we have developed a CNT-based composite flame retardant with reinforced and toughened properties for the PLA matrix. The prepared CNTs-H-C showed great potential in polymer flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2023
·
IF 13.1
Yiqing Wang,Shihu Han,Xiaoping Hu,Wenxiong Li,Bing Na,Changqiong Xie,Xiuli Wang
Epoxy resin (EP) is widely used in automobiles, aerospace, electrical and electronic fields. However, the overloading of flame retardant will heavily deteriorate the mechanical properties of EP. In this paper, flame retardant nanosheets (FH) with hierarchical layered structure was self-assembled by combining ferrocene formaldehyde (Fc-CHO) and hexa-aminophenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) through a nucleophilic reaction. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP/FH2 nanocomposite with a 2 wt% loading of FH increased to 31.3% and the UL-94 V-0 rating was achieved due to the multiple synergistic flame retardant effects between ferrocene and cyclotriphosphazene, as well as the barrier performance of the FH nanosheets. Simultaneously, in the cone calorimeter (CC) test, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were reduced by 30.2% and 19.0% compared with EP, respectively. What's more, toughness of the EP/FH2 nanocomposite were greatly improved owing to the low loading and good compatibility of FH nanosheets in EP. In short, this work provides valuable insights into the design of flame retardant nanosheets and targets to balance the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of EP with low addition amounts.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 6.864
Lubin Liu,Yue Xu,Miaojun Xu,Zhiqi Li,Yumeng Hu,Bin Li
An economical flame retardant additive dimelamine pyrophosphate (DMPY) was synthesized from melamine and sodium pyrophosphate and its chemical structure was well characterized and confirmed. It was used to flame retardant epoxy resin (EP) thermosets and the fire retarded performance, mechanical properties , moisture resistance and flame retardant mechanism of EP thermosets were investigated in details. The samples achieved UL-94 V-0 grade during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index value reached 28.7% when 9 wt% DMPY was incorporated. DMPY stimulated the degradation of EP matrix in advance and the formation of intumescent and compact char layer during combustion. Besides, the nonflammable gases generated from the decomposition of DMPY exerted flame retarded effect in gas phase. Thus, the rate and total amount of heat release and smoke production were significantly suppressed. The moisture resistance of EP/DMPY thermosets was improved comparing with that of pure EP. The samples remained superior flame retardant performance and mechanical properties after water resistance tests due to the excellent water resistance of DMPY. In summary, the EP/DMPY thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy , moisture resistance, mechanical properties and fire safety performance. The presented investigation provided a broad application prospect in the high-performance field of flame retardant EP thermosets because of the low cost and easy industrialization of DMPY.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Xinyi Gao,Zhiyong Li,Xinru Bai,Yuting Dong,Jingjing Meng
There are many concerns associated with high-valued applications of bisphenol A, especially for health and safety issues. Since its widespread use in epoxy resins, related functionalization upgrading has garnered a lot of attention. In particular, its high flammability poses a major risk to property and human safety. To reduce flammability, epoxy monomers, such as 2,2′-(((propane-2,2-diylbis(2-allyl-4,1-phenylene))bis (oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAQ) and 2,2′-(((propane-2, 2-diylbis(2, 6-diallyl-4, 1- phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))bis(oxirane)(DBAW) containing multiple allyls and epoxides have been fabricated and then cured using aromatic amines via a solvent-free process. Therein, structural modification was achieved via a concurrent ring-opening polymerization/olefin polymerization. All these networks displayed good mechanical properties and outstanding thermal stability. Most importantly, all thermosets exhibited excellent flame retardancy displaying a UL-94-V0 rating for combustion. Thus, a green protocol has been established for the generation of halogen- and phosphorus-free functional epoxy resins. It is believed that this approach may provide strong potential for sustainability in practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）