Materials Today Communications
·
2023
·
IF 3.8
Zilong Liang,Jingxuan Liu,Yange Wan,Zhaojie Feng,Pengyu Zhang,Mingchao Wang,Haijun Zhang
Struvite is a common adverse waste in sewage treatment plants. To evaluate the feasibility of struvite as an extinguishing agent, a novel DOPO-VTS (vinyltrimethoxysilane and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxa) modified struvite ultra-fine powder with stable performance was prepared using an economic synthesis method, and the extinguishing property and mechanism were deeply analyzed. The local oil basin test showed that the fire extinguishing effect of DOPO-VTS modified struvite was significantly better than that of commercial ABC (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) dry powder and blank struvite without modification. By coating DOPO-VTS on struvite, the original agglomeration problem was solved, and the liquidity index (angle of repose) was 34 °, better than ABC (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) dry powder (37 °) and blank struvite (40 °). Besides, under the protection of DOPO-VTS, the overall thermal stability and hydrophobic effect were also improved. The DOPO-VTS modified struvite could maintain fire extinguishing activity at a temperature close to 100 ℃, 40 ℃ higher than blank struvite, which not only widened its storage environment, but also helped to extinguish the fire at the root of the flame. Furthermore, a large number of P-O groups were generated during the pyrolysis of DOPO-VTS modified struvite, greatly improving its fire extinguishing performance. In addition, the physicochemical reaction during the extinguishing process, including heat absorption/release, particle size distribution , composition, and structural evolution, and gas phase product analysis, were comprehensively studied. Combined with the fire extinguishing experiment results, temperature,and smoke changes, three kinds of extinguishing mechanisms were confirmed: cooling effect, asphyxiation, and chemical effect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Storage
·
2024
·
IF 8.9
Yibo Guo,Xiangjian Wang,Jianjun Gao,Zhanwen He,Sai Yao,Xiaomeng Zhou,Haijun Zhang
The thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries is characterized by high temperature rising rate and heat release rate, leading to rapid and violent development of battery fire disasters. External untimely firefighting measures can hardly deal with the rapidly evolving lithium-ion battery fire. The widely used cell-module-pack combination packaging system further exacerbates the risk of thermal runaway propagation, as the external extinguishing agent cannot effectively reach the fire area due to the barrier of the packaging structure. To address these challenges, an in situ extinguishing strategy based on self-portable microcapsule fire extinguishing agent for lithium-ion batteries has been proposed. Microcapsule is a new type of fire extinguishing agent with urea-formaldehyde resin as shell, dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one (C 6 F 12 O) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxybutane (C 5 H 3 F 9 O) as composite core, directly coated on the outer surface of the battery. During the thermal runaway process, a large amount of heat leads to increased internal pressure of microcapsule, resulting in the cracking of the polymer shell and released fire extinguishing agents for in situ fire suppression and cooling. It was found that this in-situ fire-suppressing technology can effectively inhibit the flame of the ternary Li-ion battery (NCM18650) and control the temperature below 130°C. Moreover, this in-situ fire-extinguishing strategy can automatically detect and response at the early stage of battery thermal runaway, directly acting on the faulty cell inside the packaging and effectively inhibit the formation and propagation of thermal runaway. These findings provide a novel solution to the safety problems caused by large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries.
研究领域:
消防安全
·
材料科学
·
能源存储
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 3.78
Haoran Jiang,Yong Jiang,Rujia Fan
This study aimed to develop high-efficiency fire extinguishing agents that is halogen-free and phosphorus-free, natural clinoptilolite (CP) was used as a carrier to adsorb iron, and iron-loaded functional clinoptilolite (ICP) was prepared. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer , X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a layer of FeOOH is attached to the surface of the functionalized ICP, forming elliptical particles with a length of 100–500 nm, and the iron content can reach 4.99%. The suppression experiment involving pool fires indicated that the fire extinguishing performance of ICP is better than CP and commercial ABC dry powders fire extinguishing agents. The average extinguishing time and usage of ICP were reduced by 41.4% and 40.1%, respectively, compared with ABC powders. The improvement of the fire-extinguishing performance of ICP was mainly since the loaded iron ions are converted into active iron atoms during high-temperature combustion and participate in the catalytic reaction of capturing combustion radicals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Fire-Switzerland
·
2024
·Vol. 7
·期 4
·146
·
IF 3
Guangbin Lu,Junchao Zhao,Yanting Zhou,Yangyang Fu,Song Lu,Heping Zhang
Flowability greatly affects the application of ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing systems, while hydrophobicity and acute inhalation toxicity are concerns for fire extinguishing agents. In the present study, we examined the impact of hydrophobic fumed silica on the hydrophobicity and flow properties of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as the base. Our findings revealed that incorporating 6 wt.% of hydrophobic fumed silica resulted in optimal flowability, accompanied by a hydrophobicity angle of 126.48°. The excessive inclusion of hydrophobic fumed silica impeded powder flow within the ammonium dihydrogen phosphate particles. Furthermore, the investigations indicated that the incorporation of a small quantity of bentonite (0.5 wt.%) amongst the three functional additives—bentonite, magnesium stearate, and perlite—offered further enhancements in powder flowability. In fire extinguishing experiments’ total flooding conditions (1 m3), the designed UDPA exhibited a minimum required extinguishing concentration of merely 41.5 g/m3, which is better than the publicly reported value. Moreover, observations on the well-being of mice subjected to nearly three times the extinguishing concentration at 60 s, 10 min, and 3 days, respectively, demonstrated the absence of acute inhalation toxicity associated with the designed UDPA. Collectively, the developed ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing agent displayed promising performance and possesses broad applicability.
研究领域:
消防工程
·
材料科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Yanting Zhou,Junchao Zhao,Tengfei Wang,Zhilei Yu,Yangyang Fu,Yong Jiang,Xudong Cheng,Heping Zhang
Despite the exceptional fire-suppressant capabilities of ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing agents, additional work is essential to improve their overall fire-extinguishing performance. In this investigation, we explored the utility of Fe 3+ loaded ZSM-5 zeolite in enhancing the firefighting capabilities of ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing agents. The loading of transition metal ions Fe 3+ onto the ZSM-5 zeolite was achieved through the ion solution exchange method. Interestingly, the loading of Fe element on Fe/ZSM-5 zeolite displayed a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease as the ion exchange time lengthened. Furthermore, the loading of Fe element on Fe/ZSM-5 zeolite was found to be influenced positively by the initial molar concentration of Fe 3+ and pH levels. Impressively, under specific working conditions, the prepared Fe/ZSM-5 zeolite demonstrated a substantial Fe element loading of 5.82 %. Incorporation of ZSM-5 zeolite resulted in a 10.01 % enhancement in the fire-extinguishing efficiency of the ultrafine dry powder compared to undoped samples. Moreover, the incorporation of Fe/ZSM-5 zeolite has resulted in an enhancement of fire extinguishing efficiency by 20.45 % (S3), 24.20 % (S4), and 29.04 % (S5) in comparison to S1. These findings contribute to the understanding that the incorporation of Fe/ZSM-5 zeolite significantly enhances the fire extinguishing performance of ultrafine dry powder fire extinguishing agents, with extinguishing efficiency improving with increased Fe element loading.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
·
2023
·
IF 6.8
Huan Li,Xiaoyang Yu,Ke Qiu,Bing Bo,Qian Li,Shouxiang Lu
The active ingredients for aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) are supplied as a concentrate, and the water used to dilute AFFF concentrates generally come from water sources around the fire site including seawater and river water. However, the effects of salt in water on fire-extinguishing performance of AFFF remain unclear. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the interfacial properties, foam stability, and fire-extinguishing performance of three homemade AFFFs (nonionic AFFF APG , amphoteric AFFF CAB and anionic AFFF SDS ) and four commercial AFFFs. The seawater, firefighting water from different regions of China and deionized water were used to dilute AFFF concentrates. The results showed that AFFF APG and AFFF CAB had a better performance than AFFF SDS in resisting the negative effects of salts on interfacial properties and foaming ability. In the fire-extinguishing tests, we found that dilution of AFFF with water samples containing high concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ would weaken the fire-extinguishing performance. The traditional indicators characterizing the properties of foam (surface tension, liquid drainage rate, and spreading coefficient) could not explain the trend of fire extinguishing performance. The stability of AFFF in the presence of oil could be used to explain the difference in fire-extinguishing time of AFFF.
研究领域:
火灾科学
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化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·
IF 5.134
Chendong Zhang,Hangchen Li,Xinxin Guo,Shunchao Li,Han Zhang,Xuhai Pan,Min Hua
A new type of dry powder fire extinguishing agent was prepared, which was called composite superfine dry powder with Aluminum Trihydrate (CSFP-ATH). The CSFP-ATH was characterized by laser particle size analysis , scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravity analyzer (TGA), transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The extinguishing performance of different samples was examined in a small-scale experimental platform for the liquid hydrocarbon fire. The tests were proved that the fire-extinguishing performance was as follows: CSFP-ATH > superfine ABC dry powder(SFP) > commercial ABC dry powder(CDP). Besides, the mechanism, kinetics and thermochemical changes in the reaction process were calculated by Gaussian simulation, and the reaction path of the CSFP-ATH with free radicals in the flame was predicted. Experimental and theoretical studies have been proved that the addition of Al(OH) 3 can promote the fire extinguishing performance of superfine ABC dry powder.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
·
化学动力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2024
·
IF 4.9
Long Yan,Jingjing Guan,Ning Wang,Zheng Wei,Zhisheng Xu,Guoqing Niu
To meet the environmental requirement of foam extinguishing agent, a novel fluorine-free surfactant named amino-terminated polyether modified silicone (ATPMS) was successfully synthesized, and then in combination with hydrocarbon surfactant prepared fluorine-free foam extinguishing agent. The study carefully investigated surface tension, foamability, foam stability and fire extinguishing performance of fluorine-free foam extinguishing agent. The results indicate that ATPMS has a low surface tension of 21.17 mN/m, which combined with hydrocarbon surfactant at the mass concentration ratio of 1:1 imparts high surface activity. The sodium lauryl ether sulfate (AES)/ATPMS system owes the optimal comprehensive performance with an initial foam height value of 85.8 mm, a surface tension value of 24.76 mN/m and a foam stability value (the ratio of foam height between initial foam and five-minute foam) of 64.0 % at critical micelle concentration ( CMC ), respectively. Fire suppression test shows that the obtained fluorine-free foam extinguishing agent is effective in fighting diesel pool fires. The firefighting efficiency of foam agent links to the mixing chamber structure of compressed air foam fire extinguishing system (CAFS). When the mixing chamber of CAFS has a recurrent segment length of 50 mm and the filled particle size of 10 mm, the firefighting efficiency of fluorine-free foam extinguishing agent is optimal with a fire extinguishing time of 33 s and a temperature drop rate of 6.49 °C/s.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF DISPERSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2019
·
IF 1.479
Gang Fu,Juncheng Jiang,Dan Wei,Lei Ni,Zhan Dou,Qiang Chen,Zhen Cheng
The utilization of solid particles in aqueous foam has a great potential in improving fire fighting efficiency. In this study, aqueous foam supported by micro fly-ash (FA) was prepared and its stability in a specific type of oil was characterized. Firstly, different amount of FA was added to study the influence of FA concentration on foamability. It showed that within a specific extent, foam expansion ratio increased with the increasing of FA concentration. And compared with conventional foams, oil resistance of FA stabilized foams, which was investigated by analyzing drainage rate and evolution process with a self-made apparatus, was remarkably improved when FA concentration exceed 4.8wt.%. Secondly, SiO2 and Al2O3 particles with different median sizes were used to study the effect of particle size on stability. However, the smaller hydrophilic particles didn’t behave better as expected. Moreover, the foam stability in three hydrocarbons was evaluated in the same way. The results indicated that the short chain hydrocarbons had much stronger detrimental effect to both two-phase foam and three-phase foam. But overall, the three-phase foam stabilized by FA exhibited much better oil resistance, so it can be used as a promising material for pool fire extinguishing and prevention.GRAPHICAL
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ENERGY
·
2022
·
IF 8.857
Qi Zhao,Yi Li,Xianfeng Chen
The study aims to examine the suppression performance of an inhibitor after a methane/coal dust explosion. The design of an explosion suppression system included the carrier gas of nitrogen (N 2 ) with an inhibitor of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The study investigated fire extinguishing and explosion suppression of methane/coal dust by N 2 /APP in a vertical pipe. Flame propagation characteristics were measured by a high-speed camera, micro-thermocouple, and pressure sensor . The residues after the explosion were characterized chemically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the thermal decomposition characteristics of coal dust and APP in the N 2 atmosphere were analyzed by synchronous thermal analysis. Experimental results show that the explosion suppression system can effectively hinder the flame propagation of methane/coal dust explosion. The flame height, bottom velocity, and temperature were all weakened significantly. The optimum level of suppressant minimizes the explosion pressure and suppresses the flame significantly. In addition, the fire extinguishing and explosion suppression mechanisms of N 2 /APP were summarized. The suppression method used in this study blocks the explosion after it occurs rather than preventing it through premixed inerting.
研究领域:
安全工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE TECHNOLOGY
·
2022
·Vol. 58
·期 4
·2077-2091
·
IF 3.605
Nabipour Hafezeh,Shi Hu,Wang Xin,Hu Xiangming,Song Lei,Hu Yuan
Wildfires have been recognized as a natural incident in some forests, however, fire season is now more severe and extensive, even in tropical rainforests in which fire could have damaging impacts. A hydrogel is a 3-D polymeric structure encompassing cross-linked and hydrophilic macromolecules. In comparison with water, hydrogels have shown some superiorities in terms of water-binding, cooling, and sealing, which make them be applied in forest fire prevention programs for improving fire-extinguishing performance. In this study, an environmentally friendly phosphorus-modified methylcellulose/silica hybrid hydrogel was prepared based on the modified methylcellulose by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide–itaconic acid (DOPO-ITA) and silica nanoparticles. In the fire prevention experiments, the grass treated with the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA@silica hybrid hydrogel shows self-extinguishing behavior, whereas those treated with ordinary water or methylcellulose hydrogel can be easily ignited after one week. In the firefighting experiments, the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA@silica hybrid hydrogel displays a much shorter extinguishing time and lower consumption volume than ordinary water and the methylcellulose@DOPO-ITA hydrogel. This work presents an environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable cellulose-based hybrid hydrogel for the fire prevention and firefighting of wildfires.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Heliyon
·
2024
·
IF 3.4
Hao Liu,Tianwei Zhang,Man Zhang,Cunwei Zhang,Zidong Guo,Yuhai Zhang,Haoran Chen,Yunchen Wu,Guiyun Zhang
Most early-stage fires originating in small confined spaces may not be effectively mitigated by automatic fire-extinguishing systems. Leveraging the unique controlled release capability and barrier properties of microcapsules presents a promising avenue for developing multifunctional and intelligent fire-extinguishing agents tailored for early-stage fire suppression. This paper introduces two types of microcapsules that integrate automatic detection and fire extinguishing functions, utilizing fluorinated liquids specifically perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone) and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5 decafluoro-3-methoxy-4(trifluoromethyl)-pentane as core materials. The preparation process was optimized, and the thermal response of the microcapsules was evaluated by directly incorporating them into combustible materials. The results indicated a correlation between the preparation method, coating efficiency, and thermal stability of microcapsules with the core-wall materials. When the fluoride solution in the core material reaches the thermal response threshold temperature, the gas pressure generated during vaporization and phase change can break through the shell, enabling early active fire protection. Beyond a specific threshold of additive microcapsules in the material, the material exhibits self-extinguishing potential during combustion. In cases where the additive amount falls short of achieving self-extinguishing, the fire-resistant performance of materials can be enhanced through various measures. For instance, reducing the amount of fire-extinguishing agents, delaying the ignition time of fuel, and lowering the heat release rate during combustion are effective strategies. Moreover, the degree of improvement is related to the additional amount and the type of core-wall materials. The thermal-response mechanism of microcapsules constitutes a comprehensive mechanism with physical and chemical effects. The finding of this research offer a new technical approach for microencapsulating high-boiling-point gas extinguishing agents, facilitating intelligent and precise prevention of early fires resulting from combustible materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防安全
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）