NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
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2025
·
IF 2.5
cui baoyu,Jiehu Cui,Mao Tenghao,liu chang,wang shuxia,cai jialin,Chen Hongwu
The application of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an additive flame retardant to epoxy resin (EP) flame retardant is common, while, APP is poorly dispersed and easily agglomerated in EP. For solving the problem, in this paper, three kinds of ZnAl-layered double hydroxides (ZnAl-LDH1, ZnAl-LDH2 and ZnAl-LDH3) were successfully prepared by using sodium hydroxide, urea and triethanolamine as differences alkali source, respectively, which were used to strengthen the flame retardant performance of EP with APP. The results showed that the heat release peak and the smoke production rate peak were decreased by 58.2% and 44.2% after the addition of APP (5 wt%) and ZnAl-LDH3 (5 wt%) which is prepared with triethanolamine as the alkali source compared with that of Pure-EP.The addition of ZnAl-LDH3 will contribute to the dispersion of APP and the increase of the most C element in this process by SEM and XPS. The metal oxides were uniformly distributed on the surface of the carbon layer after combustion. The residual carbon value of ZnAl-LDH3 was smaller than that of ZnAl-LDH1-APP-EP and ZnAl-LDH2-APP-EP by the raman pattern. The heat release profile of APP-EP was better than that of ZnAl-LDH3-APP-EP, however, the tensile property and elongation at break of ZnAl-LDH3-APP-EP are better than that of APP-EP.
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Jie Yang,Ao Zhang,Yuxin Chen,Linsheng Wang,Meixian Li,Hongyu Yang,Yanbei Hou
Biomass materials are considered to be excellent candidates to replace petroleum-based materials, but inherent flammability limits their applications. In this work, biomass aerogel (BA) was prepared by freeze-drying method from sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). To improve fire safety of BAs, a core–shell structured ZIF-67@Cobalt coordination compound was successfully synthesized, which was surface functionalized by 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-phospho-diphenyl-10-oxide (DOPO), named as DOPO-NH 2 -ZIF-67. The addition of DOPO-NH 2- ZIF-67 (2 wt%) outstandingly improved fire safety of BA, in contrast to neat BA, peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke production were reduced by 66.6%, 85.10%, and 72.76%, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZIF-67 and its derivatives has no adverse effect on the thermal insulation performance of BA composites and significantly improved their compressive strength from 0.27 MPa to 1.76 MPa. Preparation of core–shell structured ZIFs rich in active groups furnishes a conceivable way to synthesize an effective flame retardant, and a prospective method for the fabrication of aerogel insulation materials with green and economical additive-free technology is proposed.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
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可持续材料
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复合材料
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DOI
高影响因子
Soft Matter
·
2023
·Vol. 19
·期 32
·6097-6107
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IF 3.4
Xiaodong Qian,Nire Mu,Xiaojiong Zhao,Congling Shi,Saihua Jiang,Mei Wan,Bin Yu
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has attracted great attention as an insulation material, but its inherent flammability restricts its practical application. Developing a sustainable fire-retardant strategy that can improve its fire safety is particularly desirable and challenging. Herein, novel fire-retardant hydrogel coatings based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and borax are proposed and applied in RPUF, and the self-healing, recyclability and flame retardant properties of the coatings are investigated. The dynamic and reversible cross-linked networks based on the borate ester bonds and hydrogen bonds endow the hydrogels with excellent repairability, recyclability, and elasticity. Compared with a neat RUPF, the coated RPUF exhibited improved fire-retardant properties without the inherent advantages being influenced and can be reflected by the 8% increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI), 20% reduction in total heat release (THR), and 25% decrease in total smoke production (TSP) with the coatings, along with a rapid self-quenching behavior. The novel hydrogel coatings provide a new strategy for the development of flame-retardant coatings, demonstrating the potential of the next generation of self-healing hydrogel coatings to reduce the fire risk of the RPUF.
研究领域:
材料科学
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消防安全
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高分子化学
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涂层技术
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2025
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IF 7.3
Qingfeng Zhang,Balaji Murugesan,Shengyong Mo,Yixuan Zhang,Fengwei Zhang,Yurong Cai
The increasing use of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in wearable electronics, electric vehicle cable sheathing, and flexible building materials, yet raises pressing safety and environmental concerns due to their high flammability and the smoke they emit in a fire. Traditional flame retardants often pose trade-offs in toxicity, sustainability, or mechanical performance, highlighting the need for cleaner, bio-based solutions. In this work, we report a vanillin-derived nitrogen–phosphorus flame retardant (PVD) that addresses these challenges through a green and efficient strategy. Incorporating only 4 wt% PVD into TPU achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating and enhances the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 27.3 %. At 6 wt%, the TPU/PVD composite reduces peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) by 33.7 % and 43.2 %, respectively, with enhancing mechanical properties. The enhanced flame retardancy of TPU/PVD composites is attributed to a dual-phase mechanism. In the condensed phase, nitrogen and phosphorus elements synergistically promote the formation of a thermally stable, graphitized char layer rich in P O and P O structures, which acts as a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer. In the gas phase, flame inhibition occurs through the quenching of active radicals (e.g., PO and PO 2 ) and dilution of flammable gases by non-combustible gases such as CO 2 and NH 3 . This approach provides a viable pathway toward sustainable, fire-safe, and mechanically robust TPU materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
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绿色化学
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可持续技术
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2023
·
IF 3.4
Xiaodong Jin,Xinyi Wu,Qinyong Liu,Shibing Sun,Suping Cui,Sheng Zhang,Chen Chen
In this work, a metal organic framework (Fe-MOF) with the effect of absorbing toxic gases and good compatibility was synthesized by chelating a novel organic ligand contained carbonization groups (reacted by tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and 1,4-piperazine dialdehyde) with iron salt. Then, it was used as the synergist to improve the efficiency of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) within polystyrene (PS) substrate. With the addition of 20% IFR and 2% Fe-MOF, the obtained PS composites exhibited a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 28.3% and a UL rating of V-0. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) of PS composites were decreased by 77.6%, 35.2%, and 33.7%, respectively. According to the mechanism analysis, it was found that Fe-MOF mainly acted in the condensed phase, contributing to the existence of dense char residues with the presence of IFR system. In addition, the good compatibility of organic ligand in Fe-MOF with PS substrate could partially alleviate the deterioration of mechanical properties due to the addition of IFR. For PS-20%IFR/2%Fe-MOF, the impact strength was improved from 1.7 kJ/m 2 (PS-22%IFR) to 2.2 kJ/m 2 , the tensile strength was also increased from 21.3 MPa (PS-22%IFR) to 22.4 MPa.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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消防安全工程
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DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
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2024
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IF 7.4
Jia-Xiang Yang,Yu Sun,Wan-Meng Song,Yun Liu
As a kind of plant fiber, ramie fibers (RFs) are widely used in fiber reinforced resin matrix composites, however, both of RFs and resin matrix are flammable. Enhancing the flame retardancy of ramie fiber reinforced epoxy composites is important. In this study, a highly efficient flame retardant, PBXY, was synthesized from phytic acid, boric acid, and xylitol to improve the flame retardancy of ramie fibers, and flame-retardant ramie fiber reinforced epoxy composites (EP/RF-PBXYs) with different weight gain were prepared by coating PBXY on the surface of ramie fibers. The effects of different weight gain of PBXY on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of EP/RF-PBXYs were investigated. Compared with that of EP/RF, the limiting oxygen index value of EP/RF-PBXY2 was increased from 23.0 % to 31.4 % and a UL-94 V-0 rating was obtained, the total heat release and total smoke production were reduced by 33.2 % and 31.0 %. However, the presence of PBXY had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of EP/RF when the weight gain of PBXY was more than 10 wt% (related to RFs). This study offers a promising avenue to improve the flame-retardant resistance of EP/RF.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2021
·Vol. 13
·期 16
·2646
·
IF 4.329
Kunpeng Song,Yinjie Wang,Fang Ruan,Weiwei Yang,Zhuqing Fang,Dongsen Zheng,Xueli Li,Nianhua Li,Meizhuang Qiao,Jiping Liu
Developing superior properties of epoxy resin composites with high fire resistance, light smoke, and low toxicity has been the focus of the research in the flame-retardant field. In particular, it is essential to decrease the emissions of toxic gases and smoke particles generated during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin (EP) to satisfy the industrial requirements for environmental protection and safety. Consequently, the PZS@ZIF-67 composite was designed and synthesized by employing the hydroxyl group-containing polyphosphazene (poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone), PZS) as both the interfacial compatibility and an in situ template and the ZIF-67 nanocrystal as a nanoscale coating and flame-retardant cooperative. ZIF-67 nanocrystal with multidimensional nanostructures was uniformly wrapped on the surface of PZS microspheres. Subsequently, the acquired PZS@ZIF-67 composite was incorporated into the epoxy resin to prepare composite samples for the study of their fire safety, toxicity suppression, and mechanical performance. Herein, the EP/5% PZS@ZIF-67 passed the V-0 rating in a UL-94 test with a 31.9% limit oxygen index value. More precisely, it is endowed with a decline of 51.08%, 28.26%, and 37.87% of the peak heat release rate, the total heat release, and the total smoke production, respectively. In addition, the unique structure of PZS@ZIF-67 microsphere presented a slight impact on the mechanical properties of EP composites at low loading. The PZS@ZIF-67 possible flame-retardant mechanism was speculated based on the analysis of the condensed phase and the gas phase of EP composites.Keywords:flame retardant;polyphosphazenes;ZIF-67;epoxy resin;mechanism of flame retardant
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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消防安全工程
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
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2023
·
IF 5
Maoyong Zhi,Xiong Yang,Rong Fan,Shan Yue,Lingling Zheng,Quanyi Liu,Yuanhua He
Nowadays, traditional petroleum-based diglyceryl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resins (DGEBA) have prominent problems such as nonrenewable raw materials, flammability, and poor toughness. Herein, a vanillin-based epoxy resin (VH-HDA-EP) containing a rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment was synthesized from vanillin, 1,6-hexanediamine, and epichlorohydrin through a facile and highly efficient method, and it was cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) to prepare VH-HDA-EP/DDM thermosets. Curing kinetics analysis demonstrated that the activation energy of VH-HDA-EP was much higher than that of DGEBA. Thermogravimetric analyses illustrated that the char yield of VH-HDA-EP/DDM was 30.8 wt % at a nitrogen atmosphere, which was nearly two times that of DGEBA/DDM (17.9 wt %). Moreover, VH-HDA-EP/DDM obtained a limiting oxygen index as high as 38.5% and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating test. Compared with DGEBA/DDM, the total heat release, total smoke production, and maximal smoke density of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were significantly reduced by 45.1, 73.4, and 36.2%, respectively. The char residue analysis results revealed that the Schiff base structure of VH-HDA-EP/DDM could contribute to the formation of continuous and dense char residues in the condensed phase. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 2821 MPa and 186 °C, which were higher than those of DGEBA/DDM (1990 MPa and 168 °C). The tensile strength and elongation at break of VH-HDA-EP/DDM were 55.6 MPa and 8.3%, respectively, and it showed obvious strain strengthening characteristic. Furthermore, the enhancement mechanism of flame retardancy and mechanical properties was proposed, which is mainly due to the complementary effect of the rigid Schiff base structure and flexible alkane segment. This work provides insights for preparing high-performance bio-based epoxy resins with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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可持续材料
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阻燃性
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机械工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
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2024
·
IF 6.3
Fubin Luo,Shuguang Yang,Zhehang Shi,Yingbing Zou,Hongzhou Li
Epoxy-based vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy materials. Nevertheless, the possibility of epoxy vitrimers in practical applications is limited by their high flammability. In this study, a novel bio-based casein phosphopeptide chelating zinc (CPP-Zn) is purposely developed, specifically designed to serve as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant for epoxy vitrimer, operating through a condensed phase mechanism. To further enhance the fire safety of epoxy resins, DOPO derivative (DDP) is synthesized through grafting with bio-based itaconate and subsequently used as a synergistic flame retardant in combination with CPP-Zn. DDP exhibits gas phase flame retardant mechanism through the release of free radical scavangers generated during combustion. As a result of the combination of condensed and gas phase effect, the composite achieves self-extinguishing within 1 second, attains a V-0 rating in UL-94 testing, and boasts an LOI of 32.3 %. Additional, it shows a remarkable 73.7 % reduction in heat release rate (HRR) and 27.2 % in total smoke production (TSP) compared with neat epoxy vitrimer. The experimental results also evidence that the characteristic features of vitrimers, self-healing and recyclability, have been retained in the prepared flame-retarded composites. The remolded 50D/EST-25Cz is still able to maintain 72.2 % of its tensile strength . This opens promising avenues for the development of highly fire-safe and eco-friendly epoxy resins.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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消防安全工程
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
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2023
·
IF 13.1
Li Zhang,Qian Zhang,Weihong Cao,Zhenghong Guo,Zhengping Fang,Juan Li,Peng Chen
A phosphorous-silicon (SiP) precursor was synthesized using p-phthalaldehyde, (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide. The SiP was used to fabricate a phosphorous-silicon hybrid microsphere (SiP-M) via the sol-gel method. The SiP-M was employed to enhance the flame retardancy of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The results indicate that PBAT containing 0.1 wt% of SiP-M displays a UL-94 V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26.5 vol%. Meanwhile, PBAT containing 1.0 wt% SiP-M exhibits a UL-94 V0 rating and a LOI value of 29.8 vol%, and some reductions in peak heat release rate , total heat release, and total smoke production. The SiP-M functions in both the gas phase and condense phase in the PBAT blend, and the former is predominant. In addition, a coupling agent KH560 was used to modify the interface adhesion between PBAT and SiP-M. The tensile strength and elongation at the break of PBAT blends are enhanced by an appropriate amount of KH560. This work provides an efficient method for preparing flame-retardant PBAT without deteriorating its mechanical properties .
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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消防安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Shuilai Qiu,Fanghe Su,Yifan Zhou,Yuntao Li,Xin Wang,Laibin Zhang
Currently, designing an efficient and broadly applicable (suitable for foams, wood, steel, plastic) fire-retardant coating remains a significant challenge. This work introduces a multi-scale micro-nanostructured hybrid fireproof coating. The composite features basic fillers that include ceramic glass microspheres, while its interior comprises an inorganic aerogel made from nano black phosphorus and silicon dioxide nanofibers for reinforcement, with a phosphorus-containing acrylic polymer serving as the base. Upon exposure to elevated temperatures, the coating’s surface transforms into a solid char layer resembling scale armor, effectively functioning as a robust fire barrier to protect the underlying substrate. The coating treated rigid polyurethane foam achieved an exceptionally high Limiting Oxygen Index of 45 %, outperforming comparable products. In terms of flame retardancy and smoke suppression, this innovative coating significantly reduces Peak Heat Release Rate (50.3 %) and Total Smoke Production (54.9 %). Notably, it exhibits rapid self-extinguishing capabilities within seconds during butane flame tests at temperatures exceeding 1100 °C, demonstrating remarkable resistance to high-temperature flames. This research offers a straightforward methodology for developing high-performance fireproof coatings, with promising applications across various industrial settings.
研究领域:
材料科学
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消防安全工程
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2016
·
IF 3.12
Shuang Yang,Qiaoxin Zhang,Yefa Hu
A novel halogen-free flame retardant (DTB) containing phosphorus, nitrogen and boron was successfully synthesized. The chemical structure of DTB was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). DTB was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins . Thermal properties, flame retardancy and combustion behavior of the cured EP thermosets were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that DTB significantly improved the flame retardancy as well as smoke inhibition performance of EP/DTB thermosets. Compared with the neat EP thermoset, the LOI of EP/DTB-3 thermoset was increased to 35.6% and the sample reached UL94 V-0 rating; the average of heat release rate (av-HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/DTB-3 thermoset were decreased by 33.3%, 33.0% and 35.5%, respectively. TGA results indicated that the char yields of EP/DTB thermosets were increased by 45.1–72.8% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. The FTIR, SEM-EDX and Py-GC/MS results indicated that DTB contributed to form intumescent and glassy char layers and decomposed to generate free radicals with quenching effect. DTB was effective radical trapper as well as efficient charring agent for epoxy resin and exerted flame-retardant effect in gaseous and condensed phases simultaneously.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）