CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
·
2022
·
IF 10.508
Shengda Wang,Hanqing Jiang,Ronghua Yu,Shenghui Lou,Li Ma,Jie Liu,Tao Tang
A series of epoxy resins containing aromatic imine are synthesized via the Duff reaction by using various bisphenols, which show significantly reduced heat release capacity (HRC) and total heat release (THR) after curing. Compared to diglycidyl ether bisphenol A/4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DGEBA/DDM), the HRC and THR of phenolphthalein-based epoxy resin containing aromatic imine/DDM (BPP-E/DDM) are reduced by 87% (464 J/g K vs 58 J/g K) and 62% (30.2 kJ/g vs 11.4 kJ/g), respectively. Furthermore, the BPP-E/DDM exhibits a UL-94 V-0 rating (1.6 mm) and a limiting oxygen index of 48% (3.2 mm). Compared to DGEBA/DDM in the cone calorimeter test, the peak heat release rate, THR, peak smoke produce rate, and total smoke production of BPP-E/DDM were reduced by 91% (1006 kW/m2vs 87 kW/m2), 51% (89 MJ/m2vs 44 MJ/m2), 89% (0.36 m2/s vs 0.09 m2/s), and 79% (38 m2vs 8 m2), respectively. The influences of aromatic imine and the chemical structures between two benzene rings in the bisphenols on HRC and THR of the resultant epoxy thermosets are investigated. The mechanism studies show that the presence of aromatic imine in the epoxy resins completely changes the decomposition process to generate the products containing aromatic N-heterocycle, which contributes greatly to the improved char-forming ability and flame retardancy. Meanwhile the thermosets bearing carbonyl, 3-phthalidylene, and sulfonyl between two benzene rings in the bisphenols show better char-forming ability and flame retardancy among the resultant epoxy resins containing aromatic imine, due to more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced in the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Silicon
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 11
·5001-5011
·
IF 3.4
Song Jianan,Zhang Xi,Wang Jiaqi,Sun Ji,Shi Anjun
Based on the requirements of fire-resistant performance of silicone rubber (SR) composites, ceramifiable flame-retarded SR composites were prepared in this work. Novel phosphorus/nitrogen/silicon-containing flame retardants were synthesized through the hydrolysis of 3-[2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (P(ANTMS)) and the hydrolysis under phosphoric acid (P(ANTMS-PA)) and phosphorous acid (P(ANTMS-POA)). Ceramifiable SR composites were prepared by using glass powders as sintering aids, and kaolin and sericite as refractory fillers. The sintered residues of the ceramifiable SR composites after burning exhibited a certain strength. The flame retardants were added to the ceramifiable SR composites for improving the flame retardancy, which decreased the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the SR composites. The SR composite filled with P(ANTMS-PA) had a low PHRR of 226 kW/m 2 , a low THR of 56 MJ/m 2 and good smoke suppression property. The sintered product of the SR composite filled with P(ANTMS-PA) exhibited the continuous and dense ceramic structure, which could effectively prevent heat transfer and oxygen. The ceramifiable flame-retarded SR composite exhibited excellent ceramifiable property and flame retardancy.
研究领域:
材料科学
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聚合物复合材料
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阻燃材料
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陶瓷工艺
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Shuo Huang,Yajuan Feng,Shengnan Li,Yang Zhou,Fengxiu Zhang,Guangxian Zhang
A novel self-buffering flame retardant ammonium amino trimethylene phosphate (AATMP) was synthesized by a facile one-step water-solvent method to solve the problem of flammable cotton triggering easily and spreading fire. The structure of AATMP FR was verified by FT˗ IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and 31 P NMR spectra. AATMP was grafted onto cotton fabrics using the dip-dry-cure method, and the grafted cotton was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton treated with a mass concentration of 15% AATMP solution reached 43.9%. After 30 and 50 laundering cycles, LOI values were maintained at 34.8% and 29.7%, respectively, suggesting that AATMP can be used as a durable flame retardant. The vertical flammability of treated cotton indicated no afterflame or afterglow time for comparison. Cone calorimetry results revealed that the total heat release of treated cotton was 1.6 MJ/m 2 , lower than that of control cotton (2.8 MJ/m 2 ). The peak heat release rate of control cotton was 195.1 kW/m 2 , much higher than that of treated cotton (16.1 kW/m 2 , further confirming the efficient fire resistance of AATMP. Thermogravimetry analysis and thermogravimetric-infrared spectroscopy indicated that AATMP FR altered the thermal decomposition pathway of treated cotton. X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron microscopy suggested that the structure of treated fibers was hardly affected. The tensile strength and whiteness of treated cotton fabrics were sustained well due to the self-buffering property of the neutral AATMP molecule.
研究领域:
材料科学
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纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 9
·2331-2339
·
IF 2.162
Hao Tang,ZongMin Zhu,Rui Chen,JunJie Wang,Hong Zhou
A novel DOPO-based pyrazine derivative 6-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(pyrazin-2-ylamino)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DHBAP) was triumphantly synthesized by a two-step addition reaction using 2-aminopyrazine, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as reactants, and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 1 H NMR. Afterwards, the addition type flame retardant (DHBAP) was utilized to modify epoxy resin (EP) by blending method. When the content of DHBAP in neat EP was 8 wt%, it reached to the V-0 rating and the limited oxygen index (LOI) value up to 34.0%. Furthermore, according to the cone calorimeter (CC) test results, the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke produce rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/8% DHBAP decreased by 26.3%, 21.3%, 37.0% and 60.9% when compared with neat EP, respectively, indicating that DHBAP had good inhibition on heat and smoke releases. Eventually, the flame-retardant mechanism of DHBAP was further explored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results showed that DHBAP had good flame-retardant activity in the gasous-condensed two phases.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2020
·
IF 4.57
De-Yun Tang,Zhi-Min Fan,Guangcheng Yang,Yinglei Wang,Pei-Jin Liu,Qi-Long Yan
Aluminum (Al) has been widely used in solid composite propellants (SCPs) to increase the specific impulse. However, Al always subjects to coalescence , sintering to large agglomerations during combustion of SCPs resulting in larger two-phase flow losses. Herein, core-shell μ-Al@M(IO 3 ) x composites have designed and synthesized as a replacement for micron-sized Al (μ-Al) in the Al/AP/RDX/HTPB propellant with tunable combustion behavior. The results show the thermal reactivity and heat releases of SCP are largely enhanced by using these novel metal-based composites. With the inclusion of μ-Al@EGCG@Fe(IO 3 ) 3 (EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate), the major exothermic peak is reduced by 29.1 °C compared to the reference propellant with a heat release increase up to 5475 J g −1 , exceeding that of the reference sample (86 J g −1 higher). The burn rates are increased with the inclusion of μ-Al@(MIO 3 ) x , while the pressure exponent is higher. The SCP-1 (0.3), SCP-2 (0.18) and SCP-4 (0.25) that have relatively low pressure exponent and high burn rates are good candidates for future applications. The major condensed combustion products (CCPs) of these SCPs are Al 2 O 3 , Al 2.81 O 3.56 N 0.44 , Al 4 C 3 , Al 2 OC, AlN and C 7 H 18 ClN. The agglomeration can be reduced with a minor inclusion of μ-Al@M(IO 3 ) x due to the enhanced interfacial reactions, and the average CCP sizes (0.5 μm for SCP-1 and SCP-4) are even smaller than that of initial μ-Al (1.2 μm).
研究领域:
材料科学
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燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Yu-Yang Gao,Cong Deng,Yuan-Yuan Du,Sheng-Chao Huang,Yu-Zhong Wang
Phytic acid mainly exists in seeds, roots and stems of plants, which has a potential value in flame-retarding polymers due to the high content of phosphorus. In this work, a novel bio-based phytic acid salt PHYPI was prepared through a salt formation reaction between phytic acid and piperazine . The structure of the bio-based PHYPI was verified using 1 H NMR spectrascoppy. When PHYPI was used to fabricate flame-retardant polypropylene (PP), it showed high efficiency in combustion tests. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value for PP containing 18.0 wt% PHYPI is 25.0%, showing a 38.9% increase compared to 18.0% for PP containing no additive. Moreover, it passed the UL-94 V-0 rating in the vertical burning test, superior to the no rating for pure PP. Obviously, the flame-retarding efficiency of PHYPI is higher than that of typical traditional intumescent flame retardant containing ammonium polyphosphate or pentaerythritol . Cone calorimeter test revealed that the heat release and smoke production of PP were efficiently restrained by the presence of PHYPI. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and the peak of smoke release rate (PSPR) for PP containing 20 wt% PHYPI were decreased by 65.6%, 13.5%, and 32.8%, respectively, compared to the same values for PP alone. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the changes which accompanied the thermal degradation of the polymer containing PHYPI. Changes in the infrared spectra for the polymer undergoing degradation indicate that structures containing C=C and P-N-C were formed as a consequence of the presence of PHYPI. These transformations enhanced char formation to provide condensed phase protective action. At the same time, non-combustion volatile gases such as water and carbon dioxide may be released to dilute the fuel load in the gas phase. All evidences illustrate that PHYPI is an effective flame retardant for PP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Zi-Xun Chen,Ze-Yong Zhao,Peng Lu,Xiang-Xin Xiao,Shuang He,Cong Deng,Yu-Zhong Wang
Macromolecular flame retardants possess unique advantages in endowing compatible polymers with simultaneous high performance and functionalization because they may greatly reduce incompatibility-caused damage to overall properties of polymer substrates. To address the contraction between fire safety and high performance of polycarbonate (PC), a novel sulfonated naphthalene monomer-containing copolymer polycarbonate, that is named NSD, was synthesized by melt copolymerization and used as flame retardant of PC. Thermal analysis confirmed that the initial decomposition temperature of NSD was 387 °C under nitrogen atmosphere and met the processing of PC. Burning tests results indicated that incorporation of 2 wt.% NSD enabled PC to achieve UL-94 V-0 rating and the LOI value increased to 28.0%; the peak heat release (PHRR) and smoke release of the PC/NSD showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, flame-retarded PC with 2 wt.% NSD maintained comparable tensile strength and elongation at break to neat PC. The flame-retardant and anti-dripping mechanisms were also investigated. Sulfur-containing substances and sulfate in the condensed phase concentrated in the residue and thus strengthened the char layer, and the sulfur dioxide in the gas phase diluted the combustible gas, thus leading to excellent fire retardance of PC/NSDs. Reasons for excellent tensile property of PC/NSDs were also studied in detail. This work demonstrates that macromolecular flame retardants NSD may enable PC to achieve simultaneous high performance and flame retardation.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE
·
2022
·
IF 5.907
Kecan Zhang,Jing Li,Liang He,Qingqing Guan,Ximeng Xu,Rongrong Miao,Minli Wang,Huajing Zhou
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) was proved as preferable retardants for lignocellulosic materials . In this study, Mg/Al-LDH was selected and one-step modified by GP which exhibited superior characteristics of flame retardancy and non-toxicity. Results showed that more complete two-dimensional layered structure with suitable crystal particle size was formed for GP modified LDH. Specifically, GP 3 -LDH not only enhanced the thermal stability of cellulosic composites, but also assisted the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) in declining 42.5% and 22.7% compared with those added with non-modified Mg/Al-LDH. In addition, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) achieved as high as 27.7% with 15 wt% addition, indicating the successful modification with GP for outstanding flame-retardant performance, low addition and controlled strength of cellulosic composites.
研究领域:
材料科学
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消防安全工程
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 1
·1-12
·
IF 3.998
Bo Caiying,Shi Zhongyu,Hu Lihong,Pan Zheng,Hu Yun,Yang Xiaohui,Jia Puyou,Ren Xiaoli,Zhang Meng,Zhou Yonghong
A novel eco-friendly halogen-free cardanol-based flame retardant with P, Si, and N on the chain backbone (PSNCFR) was synthesized and incorporated into phenolic foams (PFs). PSNCFR was comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. PSNCFR endowed PFs with flame retardancy, contributed to generating a composite char defense against flames, and efficiently prevented smoking from PFs. PSNCFR introduction improved the flexural strength of the PFs to approximately 155% of that of pristine PF. PSNCFR-modified PFs displayed a high limiting oxygen index value of 41.9%. The results of cone calorimeter show that the mean heat release rate, mean effective heat of combustion, and total heat release of the PSNCFR-modified PFs reduced by 26.92%, 35.71%, and 31.25%, respectively. In particular, the total smoke production of the PSNCFR-modified PFs decreased by 64.55%, indicating excellent smoke inhibition. As for the mechanism, the condensation and gas phases during pyrolysis were responsible for the synergistic flame retardancy in the modified PFs. The findings demonstrate that PSNCFR can be used in PF preparation to overcome their drawbacks of internal brittleness and flammability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2025
·
IF 3.1
Yang Zhan-jun,Liu Hao,Das Oisik,Wang Xiao-qian,Li Mi,Han Zhong-xuan,Jiang Lin,Rotaru Andrei
This study contributes to advancing research in aluminium alloys employed as fuels for thermites (pyrotechnic compositions formed of metal and metal oxide powders). Aluminium alloys possess certain potential in regulating energy release and enhancing combustion efficiency; in order to explore better formulations for the aluminium alloy fuel thermite, PVDF-coated Al–Si samples with different proportions were prepared here by using the electrostatic spraying method. In this study, we are primarily addressing the energy release limitation problems which are imposed by the oxide layer formation during the combustion of aluminium–silicon alloy powders in air and explore the optimal formulation of aluminium–silicon fuel combined with fluoropolymer oxidants. Leveraging advanced electrostatic spraying technology, various PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)-coated Al–Si samples (Al–Si@PVDF) were successfully synthesized. Morphological characterization confirmed the complete encapsulation of Al–Si alloy powders by PVDF, yielding spherical core–shell structures with uniform elemental distribution and favourable microstructural characteristics. Further, by thermal analysis and calorimetry investigation, a two-stage reaction between Al–Si and PVDF was unveiled: an initial PVDF decomposition phase followed by an ignition reaction phase. To comprehensively evaluate the combustion performance of samples with varying proportions, high-speed and infrared cameras were employed for precise observations, enabling a deep dive into the combustion parameters and their disparities under two distinct spatial conditions. Through these combustion performance experiments and post-combustion product analysis, we deduced the micro-combustion process mechanism of Al–Si@PVDF. This works not only that it provides a scientific basis for optimizing the formulation of aluminium–silicon fuels and fluoropolymer oxidants, but also holds positive implications for advancing research and development in aluminium alloy-based metastable intermolecular composites. Last but not least, besides the high combustion rates, low ignition temperatures, stable combustion, and strong exothermic performance were obtained for these thermite composite materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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燃烧学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Yao Deng,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,Hang-Ping Fang,De-Yi Wang
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), widely utilized as a thermal insulation material, presents considerable fire safety concerns. The combustion of RPUF generates significant heat, which poses serious risks to both human health and the environment. In an effort to improve the flame retardancy of RPUF while preserving its thermal insulation and compressive properties, this research introduced a novel flame retardant, DOPO-AZ, synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and 2-aminothiazole (AZ). The incorporation of 17 wt% DOPO-AZ into RPUF resulted in the composite achieving a UL-94 V-0 classification, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increasing from 19.5 % to 24 %, and a reduction of 27.9 % in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to pure RPUF. This study successfully enhanced flame retardancy while maintaining the thermal conductivity of RPUF at 0.034 W/(m·K), comparable to that of pure RPUF, and significantly improved its compressive strength by 25.8 %. The synergistic flame-retardant mechanisms of the RPUF/DOPO-AZ 17 composite in both condensed and gas phases were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the future design of more effective flame-retardant systems.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FirePhysChem
·
2024
·
IF 0
Jiashuai Wang,Bo Wu,Lingfeng Yang,Yuan Bian,Renjie Li,Ke Zeng,Juan Zhu,Liangyou Zhao,Jinpeng Shen,Chonghua Pei
Thermites are widely used in propellants, explosives and ignition materials because of their high heat release rate and good combustion efficiency. Structural control over thermites to achieve improved performance leads to a promising research area. Among these, core-shell structured composites have attracted wide attention due to their excellent properties and close contact among components. Herein, core-shell structured α -AlH 3 /Fe 2 O 3 thermites were prepared, which exhibit high heat-release and excellent combustion performance. At an equivalence ratio of 2.0, the core-shell structured α -AlH 3 /Fe 2 O 3 has the most heat release (1213.8 J/g) and the lowest reaction activation energy (147.5 kJ/mol). The ignited combustion performance of α -AlH 3 /Fe 2 O 3 was notably strengthened by the shorter ignition delay period (11 ms). Interestingly, the core-shell structured α -AlH 3 /Fe 2 O 3 was less sensitive to electrostatic discharge, which suggests that the core-shell structured α -AlH 3 /Fe 2 O 3 reaches the goal of high energy release and electrostatic safety. The core-shell thermite system with α -AlH 3 as metal fuel could provide an efficient alternative to hunt for thermites with high reactivity.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）