JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
·
2025
·Vol. 172
·期 1
·012505
·
IF 3.3
Shangrun Ma,Fuxing Zhu,Lingxin Kong,Liguo Zhu
Titanium and its alloys are widely used in aerospace and ocean engineering because of their excellent properties. Molten salt electrolysis is a cost-effective and efficient method for producing titanium powder. However, titanium powder prepared via this method contains high oxygen levels. To address this issue, a novel approach for producing low-oxygen titanium powder by molten salt electrolysis containing LaCl3 is proposed in this study. Molten salts were selected and their physicochemical properties determined. The density, viscosity, and surface tension of the molten salt increased with LaCl3 content and decreased with increase in temperature in the NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-LaCl3-TiClx molten salt system. For optimal separation of electrolytic products from the molten salt and electrolytic slag, lower LaCl3 content and higher temperatures are recommended. Electrochemical tests revealed that the Ti precipitation reaction was quasi-reversible and diffusion-controlled. Finally, molten salt electrolysis experiments were conducted, showing that the oxygen content of the titanium powder decreased with increased temperature, LaCl3 concentration, and electrolysis time. At 4 wt% LaCl3, titanium powder with a low oxygen content of 500 mass ppm oxygen was obtained by electrolysis at 850 °C and 2.5 V for 1 h. This study provides theoretical guidance for the low-cost, short-process preparation of low-oxygen titanium powder.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA
·
2024
·
IF 4.7
Jian PANG,Ling-xin KONG,Li-guo ZHU,Bao-qiang XU,Jun-jie XU,Chong-lin BAI,Bin YANG
A new method for the preparation of low oxygen titanium was proposed by the direct reduction of TiO 2 with Mg produced by MgCl 2 −KCl−YCl 3 molten salt electrolysis. The Mg−Ti−O phase diagram indicates that it is feasible to reduce TiO 2 using Mg, and the Φ − p O2− diagrams indicate that deep deoxidation of titanium in molten MgCl 2 −YCl 3 is also feasible. The experimental study on the reduction of TiO 2 was carried out in MgCl 2 −YCl 3 and MgCl 2 −YCl 3 −KCl molten salts. The results showed that the O 2− from the reduction and deoxygenation was removed using YOCl precipitation and CO x gas production and TiO 2 can be reduced to titanium peroxide (Ti 6 O) by electrochemical reduction at 1073−1173 K and 2.5−3.1 V. The high-oxygen titanium was electrochemically deoxidized in the molten salt of MgCl 2 −YCl 3 at a temperature of 1173 K at different voltages. Moreover, it was observed that it is possible to reduce the high oxygen content of titanium from 1200×10 −6 to less than 100×10 −6 oxygen.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2025
·
IF 5.6
Yan Zhao,Haoyu Fang,Liguo Zhu,Lingxin Kong,Bin Yang,Baoqiang Xu,Lei Gao
As the mainstream method for titanium processing, the Kroll process has excessive carbon emissions and high energy consumption due to its reliance on fossil fuels and lengthy semi-continuous process, which not only hinders the implementation of “dual-carbon” goals, but also leads to high production costs. In contrast, molten salt electrolysis achieves direct electrochemical reduction, significantly reducing energy consumption and pollution emissions while reducing costs, in line with the needs of green and sustainable manufacturing. The USTB method represented by soluble anode electrolysis process, is a green and low-cost new process for titanium extraction. However, this method uses NaCl-KCl as the molten salt medium, and faces the problem that it is difficult to control the oxygen content of titanium. In this study, a new method for the preparation of low-oxygen titanium by synergistic electrolysis and thermal deoxidation in NaCl-KCl-YCl 3 was proposed. It can be seen from the thermodynamic calculations that the activity of O 2− in the molten salt can be effectively reduced by the formation of YOCl. Under the equilibrium of Y / YOCl / YCl 3 (Y 3+ (in flux) + O 2- (in flux) + Cl − (in flux) = YOCl), the deoxidation limit is 1000 ppm. The experimental results show that the metal titanium with oxygen content of 700 ppm can be prepared by molten salt electrolysis and thermal deoxidation with TiC x O y as anode, Mo as cathode in NaCl-KCl-YCl 3 molten salt. This work provides a novel strategy for the preparation of low-oxygen titanium based on soluble anode electrolysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
冶金工程
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Qinglin Zeng,Bochao Xu,Zepeng Lv,Shaolong Li,Jilin He,Jianxun Song
This study demonstrates the synthesis of a NbC x O y solid solution through carbothermic reduction and the subsequent extraction of metallic niobium through molten salt electrolysis. Thermodynamic analysis and carbothermic reduction were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for synthesizing the NbC x O y solid solution at different compositions, enabling precise control over their composition. Furthermore, metallic niobium was produced via the molten salt electrolysis of the selected NbC x O y solid solution for 16 h at 2.9 V in the NaCl–KCl eutectic molten salt at 750 °C.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Hongzhan Lv,Liwen Zhang,Xiaoli Xi,Zuoren Nie
With the widespread expansion of titanium applications and its significant increase in usage, the issue of recycling titanium resources after consumption has emerged. Focusing on titanium alloys with high usage, such as TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V), this article proposes a titanium separation and recovery method based on molten salt electrolysis. This method thoroughly analyzes the characteristics of elements in TC4 and electrochemical principles, ensuring that vanadium in the TC4 alloy does not undergo electrochemical dissolution when the electrolysis potential is below 0.3 V vs Pt. Subsequently, through electrochemical analysis, it was discovered that the precipitation of aluminum ions is influenced by concentration. Therefore, by controlling the concentration of aluminum in the eutectic molten salt, such as increasing the electrolyte concentration and shortening the electrolysis time, the precipitation of aluminum can be effectively avoided. Under the experimental conditions mentioned above, vanadium elements deposit at the bottom of the crucible in the form of anode slime, while aluminum dissolves and remains in the electrolyte. Meanwhile, titanium ions in the cathode region undergo electron reduction and deposit in the cathode area in the form of titanium, thus achieving precise separation of alloy elements. Experimental verification shows that the purity of the obtained titanium reaches 99.17 atomic percent. Therefore, this molten salt electrolysis method, which combines the physical properties of alloy elements with electrochemical principles, not only provides a new perspective for the separation and recovery of titanium and other critical metals, but also offers new research directions for the recovery technology of other alloy elements.
研究领域:
冶金学
·
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
·
2022
·Vol. 169
·期 5
·052504
·
IF 4.386
Kun Zhao,Kejia Liu
The formation of CaTiO3 during the electro-reduction of TiO2 pellets in CaCl2-based molten salts is unavoidable. So in present paper, the electro-deoxidation of porous CaTiO3 pellets was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis experiments were conducted to gain insight into the electro-deoxidation mechanism. From the results, two new reduction pathways of the porous CaTiO3 pellets were determined. The main factor influencing the reduction pathways is the porosity. When the porosity is low, CaTiO3 is directly reduced into TiO. With the porosity increases, some CaTiO3 will firstly be reduced into CaTi2O4 and then the CaTi2O4 is further reduced into TiO. The effect of the potential applied on the cathode on the possible reduction limit of the sample was discussed. The results indicated that the more negative the potential is, the faster the deoxidation rate is and the lower the deoxidation limit is. Only when the applied potential is more negative than −1.6 V vs Ag+/Ag, low-oxygen titanium (the oxygen content is lower than 1%) can be obtained in our experimental conditions. In addition, the microstructural kinetics of phase transformations during reduction of the CaTiO3 pellets were also discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2016
·
IF 3.014
Jianhua Liu,Xiaojun Lv,Jie Li,Yexiang Liu
MgAl 2 O 4 MgAlON materials as potential candidate sidewalls were prepared by using AlN , MgO , Al 2 O 3 , and nanosized MgAl 2 O 4 powder as starting materials. The reaction sintering of the MgAl 2 O 4 MgAlON materials was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. All the specimens were corroded in a Na 3 AlF 6 AlF 3 CaF 2 Al 2 O 3 bath to assess the electrolyte corrosion resistance . The results show that reaction sintering occurs in the MgAl 2 O 4 MgO Al 2 O 3 AlN system at 1830 °C and 5 MPa in flowing nitrogen for 5 h. The MgAl 2 O 4 MgAlON specimens are obtained and have high bulk density. The flexural strength increases from 202 ± 6 MPa to 248 ± 8 MPa and the Vickers hardness increases from 9.5 ± 0.2 GPa to 12.6 ± 0.4 GPa with increasing MgAlON content from 10 wt% to 40 wt%. The MgAl 2 O 4 MgAlON materials exhibit a good corrosion resistance to the Na 3 AlF 6 AlF 3 CaF 2 Al 2 O 3 bath owing to their high-density and the formation of the composite spinel in the specimens. The corrosion mechanisms of MgAl 2 O 4 MgAlON composites in molten electrolyte are mainly proposed by the dissolution of MgAl 2 O 4 and the diffusion of fluoride. Corrosion kinetic obeys a nearly parabolic law and the corrosion rate decreases with increasing MgAlON content.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
无机化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Junhan Luo,Qi Qing,Shuang Liu,Bo Liang,Jingyu Wang,Zhe Wang,Jing Chen,Yuexiang Lu
The efficient extraction and recovery of uranium from spent fuel is crucial for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. Pyrochemical reprocessing based on chloride molten salt electrolysis shows promise in addressing this challenge but still has several key issues remain unresolved. The non-contact microplasma gas electrode may be an ideal anode in this system, which can solve the problem of anode corrosion. Herein, we propose combining microplasma anodes with molten salt electrochemistry to explore the feasibility of separating U 4+ and UO 2 2+ from chloride molten salts and to investigate the effects of electrochemical parameters on the separation of U 4+ and UO 2 2+ . Experimental results demonstrate that microplasma anodes exhibit excellent performance in separating U 4+ and UO 2 2+ from molten salts to form Al-U intermetallic and UO 2 solids, respectively. The composition of the products and the deposition rate of the uranium were significantly influenced by electrolysis temperature and current, whereas the initial concentration of reactants had a minimal overall impact on the experiments. Under conditions of prolonged electrolysis, the microplasma anode achieves high separation efficiencies for both U 4+ and UO 2 2+ (>96 %).
研究领域:
核能工程
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
GREEN CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 9.2
Shengxi Zhao,Kaiyu Xie,Ali Reza Kamali
A clean and efficient method for synthesizing Co₃Fe₇ intermetallic is reported, based on the water-asisted molten salt electrolysis employing CoFe₂O₄ electrode, which was fabricated through the thermo-mechanochemical treatment of iron and cobalt oxides. The electrolysis is conducted at the cell voltage of 1.5 V, achiving an energy consumption of 1.47 kWh/kg. Upon formation, the synthesized Co3Fe7 serves as an electrode for catalytic hydrogen production, demonstrating a current density of 91.72 mA/cm2. These performances are compared with those of electrolytic Fe (1.49 kWh/kg, 96.45 mA/cm²) and electrolytic Co (1.30 kWh/kg, 40.76 mA/cm²), both prepared under the same electrolysis potential but with different current-time profiles. The electrolytic Co3Fe7 exhibits superior ferromagnetic properties, with saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercivity values of 157.0 emu/g, 4.3 emu/g and 48.9 Oe, respectively, surpassing values reported in the literature for Fe-Co alloys. The findings suggest a sustainable approach for the green synthesis of Co₃Fe₇ with enhanced ferromagnetic properties. Additionally, the electrolytic Fe and Co₃Fe₇ show promise as electrode materials for molten salt hydrogen production.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
能源工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
VACUUM
·
2024
·
IF 3.8
Yonghui Yang,Hengwei Yan,Zhanwei Liu,Shenghui Guo,Jin Zhang,Rui Xia
The potential for the preparation of titanium metal through molten salt electrolysis is significant. However, the conventional process of molten salt electrolysis uses chloride molten salt as the electrolyte, which has low solubility for titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). This paper introduces an innovative approach using a NaF-K 2 TiF 6 system as the molten salt electrolyte, which offered high solubility for TiO 2 . The solubility and dissolution behavior of TiO 2 in NaF-K 2 TiF 6 were analyzed carbon, oxygen and nitrogen analysis (LECO), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). By optimizing the electrolysis temperature, cathode current density, and electrolysis time, titanium metal was successfully prepared, and impurities were removed through water washing and salt washing to obtain pure sponge-like titanium powder. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) analysis revealed that the titanium purity and oxygen content were consistent across both the surface and interior of the powder, thereby indicating effective prevention of oxidation in a vacuum argon (Ar) environment. This method offers the possibility of continuous production of titanium metal through molten salt electrolysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Science China-Technological Sciences
·
2020
·Vol. 64
·期 1
·91-97
·
IF 2.302
Cao Yong,Li Jian,Yang Peng,Wei KaiYuan,Ma ShiPing,Zhang XiaoQiang,Wu MeiFen,Liu XiaoJiang,Cui YanHua,Wen ZhaoYin
NiCl 2 with high theoretical voltage and thermal decomposition temperature attracts much attention as cathode material for thermal batteries with the requirement of high power density, high energy density and long work time. Unfortunately, the practical utilization of thermal batteries with NiCl 2 cathode is limited by their poor electrochemical performance under large current, even with the conventional LiF-LiCl-LiBr all-lithium molten salt electrolyte which proposes ultrahigh lithium ion conductivity. In this work, an unexpected ionic exchange reaction between NiCl 2 and LiBr in LiF-LiCl-LiBr was found, which would be the main reason for the poor electrochemical behavior of thermal batteries with NiCl 2 cathode and LiF-LiCl-LiBr molten salt. On this basis, LiF-LiCl-Li 2 SO 4 , another all-lithium molten salt free of LiBr, was investigated as the new electrolyte for NiCl 2 cathode. For the single cell of Li(Si)/LiF-LiCl-Li 2 SO 4 /NiCl 2 , a discharge capacity of 377 mA h g −1 (with a cut-off voltage of 1.2 V) was achieved with large current density (500 mA cm −2 ) applied at 520°C, which is almost twice of that of Li(Si)/LiF-LiCl-LiBr/NiCl 2 (190 mA h g −1 ) at the same conditions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA
·
2011
·
IF 2.089
Hengwei Yan,Jianhong Yang,Wangxing Li
The surface tension and density of molten KF–NaF–AlF3-based electrolytes were determined as a function of the melting composition and temperature by the Archimedean method and maximum bubble-pressure method, respectively. The investigated temperatures range from (1013 to 1103) K, and the total cryolite molar ratio (CRt = ([KF] + [NaF])/[AlF3]) is 1.3 to 1.41; the mole fraction of NaF ranges from 0.15 to 0.4. The effects of temperature and the content of CaF2 and Al2O3 on surface tension and density were also investigated. The results indicate that the density and the surface tension tend to increase with the NaF content and CRt. The density and the surface tension fit the linear relationship with temperature.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）