Metals
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 9
·1419
·
IF 2.695
Jie Wang,Hongtao Yang,Long Cheng,Pin Gao,Yanchun Li,Dongming Song
To improve the combustion stability and ignition performance of thermite, B/NC/CuO micro particles were prepared from boron (B), nano copper oxide (CuO), and nitrocellulose (NC) as an energetic binder through the electrospray technique. The burning rate dependency on boron content, ambient temperature, and pressure was estimated by compressing B/NC/CuO micro particles into columns. Scanning electron microscopy results show that the sizes of these particles mostly lie in the range of 3–4 μm. The particles are ignitable and burn consistently with minor variations in the conditions: B content (8.3–17%), ambient temperature (−50–55 °C), and ambient pressure (0.02–0.1 MPa). The optimum formula was observed for micro particles with 11 wt% B content. Compared with the ball milling sample, the standard deviation of the burning rate of the electrosprayed sample was reduced by 32%. Combustion is barely affected by ambient pressure. Between −50 °C to 55 °C, the burning rate of B/NC/CuO increases by 14.16% from an initial rate of 13.35 mm⋅s−1. In addition, the laser ignition energy required for B/NC/CuO microparticles was also reduced from 70 to 45 mJ.Keywords:boron;thermite;burning rate;combustion performance
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2023
·
IF 7.4
Xinjian Zhou,Ruixuan Xu,Hongqi Nie,Qilong Yan,Jun Liu,Yunlan Sun
Burning rate modulation is a crucial but challenging technology for designing solid propellants. The core–shell structured Al@AP and Al@AP/CuO were prepared and their thermal reaction properties were investigated at different pressures. The precise catalytic mechanism of doped CuO in oxidizer and the key reason for its burning rate modulating effect on solid propellants were elucidated by combining DFT calculations. The *NH 4 ClO 4 on the CuO (1 1 1) surface is more likely to undergo a dehydrogenation reaction first. The large difference in activation energy between *NH 4 ClO 4 →*NH 3 +*ClO 4 +*H and *NH 4 ClO 4 → NH 3 + HClO 4 explains the reasons that CuO can reduce the ignition delay of the Al@AP. CuO promotes the decomposition of the AP@Al at the low- and high-temperature decomposition (LTD and HTD) stage. For the Al@AP-CuO, the temperature of the high-temperature decomposition peak (THTD) does not shift to the lower temperature range with increasing pressure. These results are responsible for a reduction of pressure exponent in the presence of minor CuO as reported in the literature. CuO can facilitate the transformation process *NH 3 →*NH 2 on the CuO (1 1 1) surface at low-temperature and low-pressure conditions. However, at high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, it can inhibit the reaction *NH 2 →*NH→*N, so the burning rate of solid propellants can be controlled.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
计算化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 2.4
Yuan-Gen Lu,Bo Hao,Geng Chen,Cai-Xian Xu,Li Zhang
Tungsten delay compositions are widely utilized in ammunition, small detonators, and other devices. In this study, we first explored the changes in the burning rate of micron-sized tungsten delay compositions (W/BaCrO 4 /KClO 4 ) when achieving zero oxygen balance under different material tube walls. Subsequently, SiO 2 , CuO, BN, and shellac were added to the tungsten delay composition to investigate the burning rate variations of different samples in aluminum tubes. The experimental results reveal that the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with an increase in the thermal conductivity of the tube wall. The content of BN exhibits a linear relationship with the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with the increase of the mass percentage of BN. A small amount of SiO 2 , CuO, and shellac accelerates the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, but the combustion rate decreases as the content of these additives increases. The conclusion of this study can provide a wider range of delay times for delay devices with significant spatial limitations.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸学
·
弹药工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
·
2015
·
IF 2.173
Zheng Deng,Haojie Yu,Li Wang,Xiaoting Zhai,Yongsheng Chen,Ruoli Sun
Ferrocene based burning rate catalysts (BRCs) play an important role in the solid rocket propellants. However, the migration problem during curing and storage limits their application in the solid rocket propellants. To tackle this problem, the ferrocenyl functionalized hyperbranched polyethylene (HBPE- g -PFcEMA) with high molecular weight was synthesized as low migration BRCs. HBPE- g -PFcEMA was characterized by 1 H NMR, FT-IR, GPC and XPS . The electrochemical properties of HBPE- g -PFcEMA were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry . TGA results revealed that the HBPE- g -PFcEMA was quite stable under 210 °C. The catalytic efficiency of HBPE- g -PFcEMA for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) was evaluated by TGA method. When 17 wt% of HBPE- g -PFcEMA was added, the final decomposition temperature of AP was decreased dramatically from 417 °C to 339 °C and the maximum weight loss temperature of AP was decreased from 408 °C to 328 °C. The migration property of HBPE- g -PFcEMA was studied and compared with ferrocene. Ferrocene migrated out of the migration tube after 6 days storage while the HBPE- g -PFcEMA only showed little migration even after 31 days storage at 50 °C. Therefore, the HBPE- g -PFcEMA was a low migration BRC with high catalytic efficiency for thermal decomposition of AP, which might find its application in aerospace.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
·
2020
·
IF 2.304
Muhammad Usman,Haojie Yu,Li Wang,Pavel A. Zhizhko,Dmitry A. Lemenovskiy,Dmitry N. Zarubin,Amin Khan,Kaleem-ur-Rehman Naveed,Ahsan Nazir,Shah Fahad
For overcoming the migration problems of ferrocene (Fc)-based burning rate catalysts (BRCs) as well as for enhancing burning rate (BR) of ammonium perchlorate (AP)-based propellants, ferrocenylated-amino pyridines (AP-Fcs) and ferrocenylated-amino thiazoles (AT-Fcs) have been synthesized. The synthesis of AP-Fcs and AT-Fcs was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR). Electrochemical properties of these ferrocenylated derivatives were explored by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The BR catalytic activities of AP-Fcs and AT-Fcs on thermal decomposition of AP were examined by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) techniques. Thermal analysis results showed that AP-Fcs and AT-Fcs showed good BR catalytic effects on thermal decomposition of AP. AP-Fcs and AT-Fcs were also applied for anti-migration studies in comparison with catocene (Cat) and ferrocene. It was found that AP-Fcs and AT-Fcs displayed anti-migratory behavior.
研究领域:
化学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2016
·Vol. 6
·期 100
·97469-97481
·
IF 3.289
Zain-ul-Abdin,Li Wang,Haojie Yu,Muhammad Saleem,Nasir M. Abbasi,Rizwan Ullah Khan,Raja Summe Ullah,Muhammad Haroon
In the search for ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts (BRCs) with good burning rate catalytic properties and low migration, we synthesized four ferrocene-based saccharides (S-Fcs). The synthesis of S-Fcs was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of ferrocene-based BRCs is important to investigate the electron transfer burning rate catalytic mechanism. Therefore, the electrochemical behavior of the S-Fcs was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The burning rate catalytic properties of the S-Fcs on thermal disintegration of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were determined by TG and DTG techniques. Thermal analysis results showed that the S-Fcs were thermally stable and showed good burning rate catalytic effects on thermal disintegration of AP. The S-Fcs were also analyzed in anti-migration studies in comparison with the most commonly used ferrocene-based burning rate catalyst (catocene) and ferrocene. It was found that S-Fcs showed excellent anti-migration behavior in AP-based propellant as compared to catocene and ferrocene.
研究领域:
材料化学
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推进剂技术
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电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2022
·
IF 5.767
Lyu Jie-Yao,Yang Su-Lan,Wu Shixi,Tang Gen,Yang Wenming,Yan Qi-Long
Burning rate modulation is a critical but challenging technology for solid propellants’ design. Great efforts have been made to synthesize and utilize catalysts to modify the pressure exponent ( n ), but poor catalytic efficiency and lower energy level of conventional catalysts limit their further applications. In this research, interfacial control of Al@AP together with precise catalysis of CuO is represented for the purpose of pressure exponent reduction and combustion performance improvement. The core-shell structured Al@AP and Al@AP/CuO composites were prepared and applied into HTPB/Al/AP composite propellants. These prepared propellants have the same formula but different micro-structures of ingredients, leading to varied combustion performance, in terms of the burning rates, combustion wave structures, flame spectra, agglomeration processes of Al particles and condensed combustion products . The investigation results show that by using interfacial control of Al@AP and precise catalysis of CuO, the n of involved propellants over 1–4 MPa can be greatly decreased from 0.42 to 0.21 and the agglomeration of Al could be effectively inhibited. In addition, propellants based on Al@AP and Al@AP/CuO interfacial controls of this research are summarized and compared together with those based on Al@RDX published recently, to present overall characteristics of interfacial control techniques, which could lead to the development of new smart controllable propellants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2022
·Vol. 48
·期 2
·e202200186
·
IF 2.134
Xikai Duan,Zhaoqian Li,Bo Wu,Jinpeng Shen,Chonghua Pei
The industrial nitrification system of preparing nitrocellulose (NC) adopts nitric and sulfuric mixed acid, which generates a large amount of waste acid and by-products, and requires a laborious procedure for the stability treatment. In this study, a novel method was developed for the preparation of NC. NC with a nitrogen content of 12.62 % was prepared in 15 min by homogeneous esterification of cellulose based on [Bmim]Cl (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride). The samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, Raman, XPS, TG-DSC, GPC, SEM, and elemental analysis. In addition, the activation energy (Ea) was calculated according to the Kissinger method. The burning rate and chemical stability of samples were also tested. The results showed that the NC had 3D honeycomb structure with pores of 200–300 nm diameter, uniform distribution of nitrogen elements, nitrogen content of 12.62 %, and minimum polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.55. The heat of decomposition (Q dec ) released by the samples was increased by 141 J/g, the Ea decreased by 16.4 %, and the burning rate increased by 40.5 % when compared with commercially available NC 12.6% . The chemical stability was very well only after water cooking. Compared with the conventional method, this method doesn't use sulfuric acid, generates less waste acid, and doesn't produce by-products such as sulfate esters. The procedure of stability treatment was also very effortless. The costs could also be reduced by the recycling of ionic liquids.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2024
·Vol. 49
·期 9
·e202400071
·
IF 1.7
Yi-min Luo,Yu Xia,Jun-hong Wang,Teng Ma,Zhang-qi Feng,Sen Xu,Xing-liang Wu
Burning rate suppressants (BRSs) refer to a series of additives that reduce the burning rate of propellants, crucial for achieving sustained and stable thrust. This research focuses on assessing the impact of ammonium sulfate and ammonium oxalate on thermal stability and their potential as BRSs. Due to the stronger inhibitory effect of ammonium sulfate on the AP proton transfer process, the activation energy of propellant's first decomposition can be increased from 94.71 kJ mol −1 to 129.69 kJ mol −1 at a 3 % addition level. Based on Semenov model, the self-accelerated decomposition temperatures (TSADT) were calculated and validated through 7-day isothermal test. Introducing ammonium sulfate and ammonium oxalate raised the TSADT from 197.31 °C to 220.90 °C and 215.06 °C, respectively, deviating less than 4 % from experimental results. Among the propellants tested, those with ammonium sulfate showed prolonged response delay times (44.43–33.60 h), lower superheating temperatures (222.8–445.5 °C), and reduced mass loss rates (33.0–71.4 %) after 7 days of isothermal storage at 220–240 °C. The consistency between thermal analysis and isothermal test underscores the significant impact of activation energy on thermal stability.
研究领域:
推进剂化学
·
热分析
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2024
·
IF 6.7
Ruixuan Xu,Jiaxing Xu,Zhihua Xue,Qi-Long Yan
Modulation of burning rates and inhibition of aluminum agglomeration in solid propellants have generated considerable research interest in the field of energetic materials. In this paper, integrated Al/oxidizer composites have been prepared by a spray-drying technique, which offer intimate contact between the fuel and oxidizers . The morphologies, thermal stability, density, heats of explosion and combustion performance of the resulted solid propellants containing these Al-based composites were systematically investigated, where the condensed combustion products (CCPs) analysis and the agglomeration behavior of Al particles have been focused. After well control of the Al/oxidizers structure, 9 % higher explosion heat, 58 % higher pressurization rate and 65 % stronger flame radiation intensity were achieved in comparison to the conventional solid propellants with the same formulation. The burn rate of the propellants can also be well controlled by using different type of Al/oxidizers composites, in the range of 3.6–5.9 mm s −1 under 0.5 MPa and 9.2–10.9 mm s −1 under 15 MPa. More importantly, very low burn rate pressure exponent of 0.1 within 0.5–15 MPa was obtained. Inspired by decreasing size of CCPs, the evolution of Al on the burning surface was studied and the agglomeration inhibition was observed, whose potential mechanism was then proposed and elucidated.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源与推进
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
·
2022
·
IF 5.767
Weiqi chen,Baozhong Zhu,Yunlan Sun,Peng Guo,Jianzhong Liu
The use of nano-sized copper oxide (nCuO) in Al-based nanofluid fuels was presented as a way to improve the combustion of traditional aluminum (Al)-based nanofluid fuels. The effects of nCuO on the ignition delay time, ignition temperature , droplet behavior, burning rate, and combustion intensity of Al/kerosene-based nanofluid fuel droplets were investigated. The results reveal that adding 2 wt% nCuO to the 2 wt% Al/kerosene-based nanofluid fuel has little effect on the ignition delay time and ignition temperature at 700, 750, and 800 °C. However, the droplet diameter changes dramatically with time at 750 and 800 °C. The burning rate is enhanced by up to 21.7%, and the combustion intensity and the oxidation efficiency of Al nanoparticles (NPs) are also improved significantly. This study provides an effective approach to improve the combustion performance of Al/kerosene-based nanofluid fuels.
研究领域:
能源科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2022
·
IF 4.326
Jinyu Shi,Peng Zhu,Jianzhe Liu,Ruiqi Shen,Huanming Xia,Hanyu Jiang,Siyu Xu,Fengqi Zhao
Composite energetic microspheres with core–shell structures have attracted significant attention in solving challenges with low energy and sensitivity. For the superior core–shell and spherical structure, the strategy of coupling oscillating–swirling–coflowing microfluidics with the assistance of spray drying was proposed, which involves model establishment, experimental verification, and performance characterization. The model and verification experiments agreed that the superior core–shell structure and spheroidization can be realized under cocoating and the core–shell ratio of 1:1. Compared with conventional mixtures, the impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, and burning rate of the sample under optimized conditions significantly improved. It was found that the average burning rate of the propellant added with core–shell energetic microspheres was 5.6% faster than that with the mixture. This study provides critical insights into the design and creation of composite material microspheres with a core–shell structure.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）