To realize the thickness measurement by using the intrinsic flexible sensor, the conductive polymer composite is fabricated into a coil-shaped structure. The experimental results show that the effective value for the induced electromotive force (induced emf) of the composite coil decreases with the increase in thickness. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the composite coil is 40.177 mV/mm, which is higher than that using a traditional metal coil with the same structure. With the distance of the composite coil or the metal sample position changing, the induced emf value of the composite coil also changes in response. When the sensitive element bends and deforms, the sensitivity of the thickness measurement will be lower than that of the measurement in the planar state under the same experimental conditions. However, all those changes in distance or curvature do not affect the relationship between the induced emf and the thickness. The aforementioned results have preliminarily verified the feasibility of using the coil-shaped composite to measure the thickness.
The monitoring of thickness using intrinsically flexible sensors remains an underexplored area in advanced manufacturing. Numerous challenges persist, including the lack of systematic studies on the correlation between materials and thickness response. In this article, integrated experimental analysis and finite element simulation are combined to investigate thickness measurement using coil-shaped carbon nanotube composite. This article focuses on six nonferromagnetic metallic materials and demonstrates effective thickness measurement, and the results reveal distinct response characteristics of the sensing element across different materials. However, these variations do not alter the fundamental relationship between induced electromotive force (emf) and thickness, namely, an increase in thickness corresponds to a decrease in induced emf. Through experiments and simulations, the increasing conductivity will lead to the induced emf of the sensing element decreasing and the measuring sensitivity increasing. Leveraging the feasibility of material recognition and thickness measurement across diverse materials, this article proposes a solution for multimetal thickness measurement. This approach facilitates tailored suggestions and recommendations for various engineering applications.
Lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO 2 ) batteries , especially solid-state Li-CO 2 batteries , have attracted much attention due to the high energy density and potential application of carbon neutrality. However, the extremely sluggish kinetics of CO 2 evolution reaction in the batteries result in a notorious high-charge-potential over 4.0 V, thus impeding the development of Li-CO 2 batteries. Here, by in-situ constructing a plasmonic Ru/Li 2 CO 3 -based heterostructure , we report an ultra-low charge overpotential and long cycle life solid-state Li-CO 2 battery via the energetic hot carries produced by nonradiative decay of localized surface plasmons where solar energy can be efficintly harvested (over 90% absorption efficiency from 200 nm to 1000 nm), concentrated and converted on the plasmonic Ru catalysts. Experimental results show that the plasmonic photothermal catalysis using Ru catalysts can catalyze C-O bond cleavage and construct a plasmonic Ru/Li 2 CO 3 -based heterostructure in the battery on discharge, and effectively accelerate the CO 2 envolution reaction via injecting the hot carriers generated from the plasmonic Ru catalysts into the discharged Li 2 CO 3 -based products on charge. As a result, by using a chemically stable and high Li-ion conductive MSI layer , the battery shows a record low charge potential (2.99 V) even after a long-term cycling (over 450 cycles) operating at 500 mA g −1 at 500 mAh g −1 . This battery technology paves the way for developing next-generation high-specific-energy Li-CO 2 batteries with carbon neutrality.
The measurement of manganese concentration in liquid iron without sampling is a challenge for better production control and improving the efficiency of the steelmaking process. An electrochemical sensor was developed to address this issue. As a crucial component of the sensor, the MnO, which functions as the auxiliary electrode material , was mixed with PVA water solution and deposited on the raw magnesia-doped zirconia tube, and thereafter annealed under an argon atmosphere at 1600 °C. The X-ray diffraction indicates the MnO coating remains intact after sintering, and scanning electron microscopy shows the MnO layer tightly adheres to the solid electrolyte. The performance of the galvanic cell is appreciably affected by the particle size of the MnO powder, in the case of fine powder, steady cell potentials can be obtained quickly after immersion into the molten iron. The electromotive force of the cell is inversely proportional to the Mn content, and a linear equation between the two was derived. Furthermore, the relationship between the calculated Mn activities and the Mn concentrations determined by chemical analysis implies a positive deviation from Henry's law , which may chiefly arise from the fact that the MnO activity is less than unity. Additionally, the ionic conductivity of 8mol%Mg-PSZ and the activation energy were also investigated.
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