Energies
·
2024
·Vol. 17
·期 3
·646
·
IF 3
Osama A. Marzouk
Recently, worldwide, the attention being paid to hydrogen and its derivatives as alternative carbon-free (or low-carbon) options for the electricity sector, the transport sector, and the industry sector has increased. Several projects in the field of low-emission hydrogen production (particularly electrolysis-based green hydrogen) have either been constructed or analyzed for their feasibility. Despite the great ambitions announced by some nations with respect to becoming hubs for hydrogen production and export, some quantification of the levels at which hydrogen and its derived products are expected to penetrate the global energy system and its various demand sectors would be useful in order to judge the practicality and likelihood of these ambitions and future targets. The current study aims to summarize some of the expectations of the level at which hydrogen and its derivatives could spread into the global economy, under two possible future scenarios. The first future scenario corresponds to a business-as-usual (BAU) pathway, where the world proceeds with the same existing policies and targets related to emissions and low-carbon energy transition. This forms a lower bound for the level of the role of hydrogen and its penetration into the global energy system. The second future scenario corresponds to an emission-conscious pathway, where governments cooperate to implement the changes necessary to decarbonize the economy by 2050 in order to achieve net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (carbon neutrality), and thus limit the rise in the global mean surface temperature to 1.5 °C by 2100 (compared to pre-industrial periods). This forms an upper bound for the level of the role of hydrogen and its penetration into the global energy system. The study utilizes the latest release of the annual comprehensive report WEO (World Energy Outlook—edition year 2023, the 26th edition) of the IEA (International Energy Agency), as well as the latest release of the annual comprehensive report WETO (World Energy Transitions Outlook—edition year 2023, the third edition) of the IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency). For the IEA-WEO report, the business-as-usual situation is STEPS (Stated “Energy” Policies Scenario), and the emissions-conscious situation is NZE (Net-Zero Emissions by 2050). For the IRENA-WETO report, the business-as-usual situation is the PES (Planned Energy Scenario), and the emissions-conscious situation is the 1.5°C scenario. Through the results presented here, it becomes possible to infer a realistic range for the production and utilization of hydrogen and its derivatives in 2030 and 2050. In addition, the study enables the divergence between the models used in WEO and WETO to be estimated, by identifying the different predictions for similar variables under similar conditions. The study covers miscellaneous variables related to energy and emissions other than hydrogen, which are helpful in establishing a good view of how the world may look in 2030 and 2050. Some barriers (such as the uncompetitive levelized cost of electrolysis-based green hydrogen) and drivers (such as the German H2Global initiative) for the hydrogen economy are also discussed. The study finds that the large-scale utilization of hydrogen or its derivatives as a source of energy is highly uncertain, and it may be reached slowly, given more than two decades to mature. Despite this, electrolysis-based green hydrogen is expected to dominate the global hydrogen economy, with the annual global production of electrolysis-based green hydrogen expected to increase from 0 million tonnes in 2021 to between 22 million tonnes and 327 million tonnes (with electrolyzer capacity exceeding 5 terawatts) in 2050, depending on the commitment of policymakers toward decarbonization and energy transitions.
研究领域:
能源研究
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环境科学
·
政策分析
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Jiaojiao Chen,Yu Chen,Ke Bai,Jingyun Liu,Zewei Bao,Zeyi Xiao,Senqing Fan
To enhance mass transfer in hydrogen production from water electrolysis coupled with ethanol oxidation, a membrane electrolyzer combining flow-through and fed-batch operation was developed. The optimized Co 0.1 Ni 0.9 (OH) 2 /Ni foam electrode was used for ethanol oxidation, with a current density of 200 mA cm −2 at 1.383 V vs. RHE and a Tafel slope of 39.5 mV dec -1 . Employing this electrode as the anode, the mass transfer coefficient ( k m ) in the flow-through electrolyzer was 7.0 × 10 -6 m s −1 under the conditions of electrolyte flow velocity at 0.06 m s −1 , ethanol concentration at 0.2 M and KOH concentration at 6 M, which was 49 % higher than that in the flow-by electrolyzer. This enhancement in k m directly translated to an increase in the mass transfer limiting current density ( i L , from 194 mA cm −2 to 289 mA cm −2 ), significantly higher reaction rate. Both k m and i L would be increased with the increase of electrolyte circulation rates. An analysis of the relationship between intrinsic electrochemical current density and i L showed that the ethanol oxidation process is maintained at or near the i L , which improved current efficiency and product yield. A fed-batch strategy, regulating ethanol concentration around 0.2 M, enabled sustained co-production of acetic acid and hydrogen at current densities of 289 mA cm −2 , with a production rate of 18.54mol h −1 m −2 (electrode) and 43.75 mol h −1 m −2 (electrode) respectively, with an anodic Faradaic efficiency of 92 %. The hydrogen production energy consumption was 3.85 kWh Nm −3 under this condition in flow-through electrolyzer.
研究领域:
化学工程
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能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2023
·Vol. 28
·期 14
·5470
·
IF 4.6
Zhiyu Jin,Xiuyang Zou,Guodong Xu,Zhe Sun,Feng Yan
In this work, a thiol–ene coupling reaction was employed to prepare the semi-interpenetrating polymer network AEMs. The obtained QP-1/2 membrane exhibits high hydroxide conductivity (162.5 mS cm−1at 80 °C) with a relatively lower swelling ratio, demonstrating its mechanical strength of 42 MPa. This membrane is noteworthy for its improved alkaline stability, as the semi-interpenetrating network effectively limits the attack of hydroxide. Even after being treated in 2 M NaOH at 80 °C for 600 h, 82.5% of the hydroxide conductivity is maintained. The H2/O2fuel cell with QP-1/2 membrane displays a peak power density of 521 mW cm−2. Alkaline water electrolyzers based on QP-1/2 membrane demonstrated a current density of 1460 mA cm−2at a cell voltage of 2.00 V using NiCoFe catalysts in the anode. All the results demonstrate that a semi-interpenetrating structure is a promising way to enhance the mechanical property, ionic conductivity, and alkaline stability of AEMs for the application of alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers.Keywords:anion exchange membranes;semi-interpenetrating network;fuel cells;water electrolyzers
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2017
·
IF 5.715
Xiaochang Lin,Zhiying Han,Hongjun Yu,Zhangying Ye,Songming Zhu,Jun Zhu
A novel, two-chamber electrolysis cell equipped with an ion exchange membrane and a magnesium anode was proposed in this study to recover phosphate as struvite from both the simulated and real biogas digestion slurry of swine wastewater. In the electrolysis experiments with the simulated slurry, the optimal pH and current density were determined to be 8.5 and 22.2 A m −2 , respectively, achieving 95% phosphate removal efficiency and 100% current efficiency. The phosphate removal rate was mainly dependent on the magnesium dissolving rate. In the electrolysis experiments with the real digestion slurry, the pH of slurry increased from 7.4 to around 8.7 after the cathode-anode sub-section electrolysis without adding chemical reagents, achieving 93% phosphate removal efficiency at 22.2 A m −2 . The phosphate removal efficiency could be kept constant in three consecutive electrolysis cycles with both the anion exchange membrane and the cation exchange membrane . The cost of the magnesium anode treatment for the real biogas digestion slurry for struvite recovery was estimated to be $81.57 kg −1 P, mainly resulting from the consumption of electricity and magnesium anode. The precipitates collected from all experiments were identified as struvite by the X-ray diffraction analysis.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
废水处理
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
·
2021
·
IF 4.464
Yajian Duan,Chaojuan Li,Yaxin Hua,Shuai Wu,Yaqing Guo,Xiaogang Zhang,Yuqi Hu,Bin Yang,Yongnian Dai,Jin Shi
A novel membrane electrolysis cell has been designed to convert CO 2 into CO in organic electrolyte, with Cl 2 produced on the anode from NaCl oxidation in aqueous solution. The obtained CO and Cl 2 can be used as the feedstock to produce phosgene. Phosgene is a widely used acylating agent in a chemical industry, which can be used as feedstock to produce numerous high-value chemicals. Through this route, CO 2 can be converted into useful chemical, with huge economic profits created in this process. Our experiment results demonstrate that CO 2 can be efficiently converted into CO in our designed electrolyzer, and NaCl can be efficiently oxidized to Cl 2 . During long-term electrolysis process, NaHCO 3 is generated and accumulated between the membrane and the cathode. This phenomenon provides clear evidence for us to better understand the mechanism of CO 2 electro-reduction in organic electrolyte.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
电化学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Ying Chen,Zhiliang Cheng,Shujie Hu,Mengyue Zhang,Di Wu,Xuan Zhao,Haoran Yang,Linjiang Zhong,Xinjie Chai,Hong Liu,Facheng Qiu,Yuan Liu
Electrochemical carbon dioxide synergistic nitrate for urea synthesis is essential for mitigating greenhouse effects and recycling resources. Limited ion migration in traditional H-type electrolysis cells has led to a growing preference for flow cells to enhance mass transfer, but mechanisms of their impact on synthesis of value-added product urea remain unclear. Herein, this study was devoted to revealing the differences in ion transport among different electrolysis cells and their effect on C-N coupling, providing insights into optimizing urea synthesis. Simulation of the multi-physics fields in flow-through, flow-by, and H-type electrolytic cells systematically investigated these effects. The simulations revealed that the flow-through cell significantly enriched NO 3 − on the cathode surface and within its pore structures under hydrodynamic conditions, facilitating intermediate interactions. Experimental validation using KHCO 3 and KNO 3 demonstrated that the flow-through cell achieved a urea yield of 3182.7 μg h −1 mg cat. −1 and an electricity consumption of 95.7 kWh kg urea −1 . Additionally, the urea Faradaic efficiency reached 24.9 %, which was 12.7 % and 27 % higher than those of the flow-by and H-type cells, respectively, underscoring the superior urea selectivity of the flow-through cell. Mechanistic analysis through electrochemical tests further demonstrated the flow-through cell exhibited a faster reaction rate, enhanced charge transfer, and lower NO 3 − diffusion resistance. These results highlight the critical role of flow-through electrolysis in promoting ion-to-intermediate conversion and suggest that targeted modifications of porous electrodes to enhance NO 3 − enrichment could further improve the efficiency of electrochemical C-N coupling for urea synthesis.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Fermentation-Basel
·
2024
·Vol. 10
·期 2
·109
·
IF 3.3
Jieyi Peng,Shuo Zhao,Ying Li,Zhen Wang,Li Chen
Microbial electrochemical systems have shown great value as a means of enhancing the efficiency of fermentation reactions, but at present, there is no reliable means to balance the extracellular electron supply and corresponding intracellular demands in these systems. The current work describes the unique use of an oxidation–reduction-potential (ORP)-level-controlled microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) system to successfully balance the extracellular electron supply and succinic acid fermentation viaA. succinogenes(130Z). The ORP-controlled MEC system with neutral red (NR) yielded a significant increase in succinic acid production (17.21%). The utilization of NR in this MEC system improved the ORP regulatory sensitivity. The optimal approach to the ORP level control was the use of a −400 mV high-voltage electric pulse-based strategy, which increased the yield of succinic acid by 13.08% compared to the control group, and reduced the energy consumption to 52.29% compared to the potentiostatic method. When compared to the −1 V constant potential MEC system, the high-voltage electric pulse-based ORP strategy for the MEC system control provided sufficient electrons to this system while using less electricity (11.96%) and producing 12.48% (74.43 g/L) more succinic acid during fed-batch fermentation. The electronic utilization efficiency of the ORP-controlled MEC system was 192.02%, which was 15.19 times that of the potentiostatic system. The electronic utilization efficiency is significantly increased in the ORP-controlled MEC system. Succinic acid production is ensured by a high-voltage electric pulse-based method, while the influence on cell growth and power consumption are minimized. Fed-batch fermentation with the high-voltage electric pulse-based ORP strategy for MEC system control is noted to be ideal to achieve a further increase in succinic acid concentration and electronic utilization efficiency.
研究领域:
生物工程
·
微生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
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2024
·
IF 20.2
Xin Xiao,Yan Wei,Shaowei Song,Brian McElhenny,Fanghao Zhang,Xingxing Jiang,Yang Zhang,Shuo Chen,Mingkui Wang,Yan Shen,Zhifeng Ren
Exploiting highly efficient oxygen-evolving electrocatalysts is crucial for hydrogen production through seawater electrolysis. Here, a hierarchical structure of boron-doped (Ni,Fe)OOH grown on Ni 3 N nanosheets supported on nickel foam [denoted as B-(Ni,Fe)OOH/Ni 3 N/NF] is fabricated. Benefiting from the formation of abundant active sites and the reduced free energy barrier of the rate-determining step caused by B doping, the obtained B-(Ni,Fe)OOH/Ni 3 N/NF exhibits extraordinary electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction, requiring overpotentials of only 283 mV and 309 mV to achieve a current density of 1000 mA cm −2 in alkaline pure water and seawater media, respectively, as well as superior stability. When driven by a commercial Si solar cell, the electrolyzer using B-(Ni,Fe)OOH/Ni 3 N/NF as the anode and a previously reported Ru/(Fe,Ni)(OH) 2 /NF as the cathode can achieve a high current of over 1000 mA in alkaline seawater media. This shows the great potential in applying a photovoltaic-driven electrolyzer toward large-scale hydrogen production in seawater electrolysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Nature Communications
·
2025
·Vol. 16
·期 1
·1-11
·
IF 15.7
Wang Dawei,Lin Fangxu,Luo Heng,Zhou Jinhui,Zhang Wenshu,Li Lu,Wei Yi,Zhang Qinghua,Gu Lin,Wang Yanfei,Luo Mingchuan,Lv Fan,Guo Shaojun
Using metal oxides to disperse iridium (Ir) in the anode layer proves effective for lowering Ir loading in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). However, the reported low-Ir-based catalysts still suffer from unsatisfying electrolytic efficiency and durability under practical industrial working conditions, mainly due to insufficient catalytic activity and mass transport in the catalyst layer. Herein we report a class of porous heterogeneous nanosheet catalyst with abundant Ir-O-Mn bonds, achieving a notable mass activity of 4 A mg Ir −1 for oxygen evolution reaction at an overpotential of 300 mV, which is 150.6 times higher than that of commercial IrO 2 . Ir-O-Mn bonds are unraveled to serve as efficient charge-transfer channels between in-situ electrochemically-formed IrO x clusters and MnO x matrix, fostering the generation and stabilization of highly active Ir 3+ species. Notably, Ir/MnO x -based PEMWE demonstrates comparable performance under 10-fold lower Ir loading (0.2 mg Ir cm −2 ), taking a low cell voltage of 1.63 V to deliver 1 A cm −2 for over 300 h, which positions it among the elite of low Ir-based PEMWEs.
研究领域:
材料科学
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能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2023
·
IF 9.5
Junfeng Zhang,Shuo Zhao,Bin Chen,Shuoyao Yin,Yingjie Feng,Yan Yin
Anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) is attracting attention for hydrogen production owing to its ability to employ nonprecious metal catalysts and high energy conversion efficiency. Spinel-structured transition metal oxides exhibit excellent potential in oxygen evolution reaction (OERs). Nevertheless, the research on highly active and durable spinel-structured electrodes for the anodic OER of AEMWE is deficient. Herein, a self-supported S-CoCu oxide/nickel foam (S-CoCuOx/NF) anode was synthesized through a two-step method (electrodeposition and sulfidation). The formation of abundant oxygen vacancies and heterostructure collaboratively enhances the electron and mass transfer, resulting in an overpotential of 313 mV at 100 mA cm–2 for OER. For the lab-scale AEMWE system with the S-CoCuOx/NF anode, a current density of 1 A cm–2 was obtained at 1.87 V (cell voltage) with high durability for 110 h (1 A cm–2) at 60 °C. The results will provide insights into developing the spinel structure-derived anode for high-performance AEMWE.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Shiqing Zhang,Shaokai Ma,Zihao Wang,Zihang Cao,Fang Liu,Ying Li,Xuewen Xu,Yuanhui Ma,Yanming Xue,Chengchun Tang,Jun Zhang
The development of cost-effective, highly efficient, and stable electrocatalysts for the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is essential for advancing clean and renewable hydrogen energy technologies. This is particularly critical for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers powered by renewable energy sources. Among various candidates, cobalt-based phosphide (CoP) has emerged as a promising catalyst for the HER in acidic media, owing to the synergistic interaction between Co and P, as well as its inherent stability. Despite significant efforts to enhance its catalytic activity, the critical issue of stability has often been overlooked. Herein, sulfur (S), which has a higher electronegativity than P, is selectively incorporated into CoP nanowire arrays through a simple vulcanization method. This strategy aims to enhance stability without altering catalytic activity. The optimized S-CoP/CC electrocatalyst shows an overpotential of 96 mV at 10 mA cm −2 in acid electrolyte, showing a slight improvement over the initial CoP/CC (114 mV). Remarkably, it shows exceptional durability, maintaining excellent stability over 150 h of testing in acid solution. The incorporation of sulfur serves a dual role: it enhances electronic conductivity and increases the electrochemical surface area, thereby improving catalytic activity, while simultaneously strengthening the CoP bond energy, leading to outstanding acid stability. Furthermore, when employed as the cathode in a PEM electrolyzer, S-CoP/CC achieves a current density of 500 mA cm −2 at 1.70 V, demonstrating excellent stability over 140 h at 60 °C. Our findings present a new approach for enhancing both the stability and activity of acidic HER by incorporating higher-electronegativity anions into the CoP lattice. This strategy is applicable not only to Co-based phosphides but also to other non-precious metal-based transition metal compounds, paving the way for the development of high-performance PEM electrolyzers.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2024
·
IF 18.5
Yuhua Xie,Yumei Feng,Shuyuan Pan,Haifeng Bao,Yingjie Yu,Fang Luo,Zehui Yang
The commercialization of water-splitting technology strongly relies on the stable and high-performance electrocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER-OER). In this work, the nickel dopants in IrRu alloyed electrocatalyst for acidic water splitting activity are investigated. The incorporation of nickel dopants induces more oxygen atoms coordinating with Ir/Ru facilitating the formation of *OOH species via nucleophilic attack by H 2 O. Additionally, a fast surface reconstruction is achieved due to the electrochemical dissolution of Ni dopants; as a result, more oxygen species are incorporated, evidenced by in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Therefore, the mass activity for Ni@IrRu is enhanced by threefold than commercial IrO 2 in acidic OER catalysis. Moreover, the nickel dopants balance the hydrogen binding strength; as a result, only 609 mV overpotential is demanded to reach 1 A cm −2 in acidic HER catalysis. The polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) test indicates only 1.87 V is required to attain 2 A cm −2 , 160 mV lower than Pt/C-IrO 2 revealing its potential application in PEMWE.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
能源催化
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）