Ran Wang,Chong Li,Jianxiang Wu,Wei Du,Tao Jiang,Yizhou Yang,Xuejing Yang,Ming Gong
Sustainable polymer production is essential for a carbon-neutral society. cis,cis-Muconic acid is attracting growing interest as a biomass-derived platform molecule with direct access to adipic acid and terephthalic acid, prominent monomers of commercial polymers. Here, a sustainable route of electro-reforming biorenewable catechol to cis,cis-muconic acid with concurrent H2 production has been proposed. By using a CuO foam electrode, a high cis,cis-muconate yield of 90% and a high faradaic efficiency of 87% can be achieved under ambient conditions without external oxidant. Zn2+ coordination with the catechol is central to the yield and selectivity. In a combinatory analysis via steady-state electrochemical kinetics, in situ spectroscopy, and theoretical calculation, we revealed that the reaction ensemble of catechol electrooxidation involves three major processes of polymerization, ring cleavage, and depolymerization, in which Zn2+ coordination is highly effective in delaying polymerization and promoting ring cleavage toward cis,cis-muconate. The catecholate coordinated to the Zn2+ cations reallocated its electron density with partial structural deformation to accelerate the electron transfer and facilitate the OH– nucleophilic attack. A practical two-electrode system was eventually demonstrated to efficiently and stably electro-reform catechol into isolable cis,cis-muconic acid and hydrogen, providing solutions for polymer sustainability via utilizing alternative biomass resources and electrified processes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). The action potential duration (APD) has been demonstrated to be prolonged in the atrium of diabetic mice. In contrast, the APD is generally shortened in AF patients. It is unclear what change occurs in the atrial APD of diabetic patients. In this study, we explore the APD change of atrial myocytes from diabetic patients and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique is used to detect single-cell electrical activity in diabetic and nondiabetic human samples. The results show that both APD 50 and APD 90 , the APD at 50% and 90% repolarization, are increased in diabetic patients compared with those in nondiabetic controls. The density of late sodium current ( I NaL ) in the atrial myocytes of diabetic patients is greater than that in the myocytes of nondiabetic patients. The expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is increased in the atria of diabetic patients. In cultured HL-1 cells, high glucose (HG) treatment increases I NaL , and the expression of RAGE prolongs APD. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of RAGE reduces the I NaL and shortens the APD. The APD is prolonged in the atria of diabetic patients because of the upregulation of RAGE and the subsequent increase in I NaL . Our findings provide novel insights into atrial electrical remodeling in diabetic patients.
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