Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in 342 daily PM10 samples collected in four seasons at a site in Bengbu, China. This study was a qualitative and quantitative investigation of the emission sources of atmospheric PAHs in Bengbu and the spatial distribution of regional PAH sources in PM10 samples. The annual concentrations of the 16 EPA priority PAHs ranged from 1.45 to 62.16 ng/m3, with an annual mean of 7.63 ± 7.38 ng/m3. The seasonal trends during the year were: winter (6.13–62.16 ng/m3, median = 14.99 ng/m3) > autumn (2.01–18.78 ng/m3, median = 4.90 ng/m3) > spring (1.45–19.34 ng/m3, median = 3.32 ng/m3) > summer (1.57–4.27 ng/m3, median = 2.12 ng/m3). The PAHs over the year were dominated by medium-molecular-weight PAHs (39.81%), followed by high-molecular-weight PAHs (35.77%), and low-molecular-weight PAHs (24.42%). The diagnostic ratio method and positive matrix factorization revealed that the PAH sources in Bengbu in spring and summer were industrial emissions, coal and biomass combustion, and traffic emissions; while the sources in autumn and winter were coal and biomass combustion and traffic emissions. According to a backward trajectory clustering analysis and potential source contribution function analysis, Bengbu City was mainly affected by pollution from the northern and northwestern regions in spring, autumn, and winter, while it was more affected by the coastal monsoon in summer. The PAH pollution in Bengbu was most severe in spring, autumn, and winter, and the health risk to the population was also most severe at that time. The health risk to adult males (3.35 × 10−4) was greater than the risk to adult females (3.14 × 10−4), and the health risk to adults was greater than the risk to children (2.52 × 10−4).
Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) is a popular disinfectant for swimming pools in China. However, the occurrence and importance of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in TCCA-disinfected swimming pools are less understood. This study analyzed 12 regulated DBPs (4 trihalomethanes (THMs), 5 haloacetic acid (HAAs), bromate , chlorate, and chlorite) in 85 swimming pool water samples and 17 input tap water samples from one swimming pool for 17 days continuously. Considering water temperature, pH, free chlorine, total chlorine, and urea, most of swimming pool water samples were within the water quality limits for China. Total concentrations of THMs, HAAs, and inorganic DBPs of 20.4–42.2, 82.0–229, and 100–729 μg/L in the swimming pool, and 16.6–28.3, 8.2–12.8, and 64.4–95.6 μg/L in the tap water, indicating inorganic DBPs are the dominant swimming pool and drinking water pollutants. Cancer risk values of regulated DBPs in swimming pools and input tap water are 2.7E-05 and 8.1E-05, respectively, and exceed the US EPA's threshold (1.0E-06). The non-cancer risk is below the US EPA's threshold. Following TCCA disinfection, the concentration and calculated cytotoxicity of regulated DBPs had a 3.6-fold and 1.9-fold increase, respectively. Inorganic DBPs contribute to the calculated concentration and cancer risks of DBPs in swimming pools and tap water at sufficient concentrations warranting regulation. This study provides data on 12 regulated DBPs in TCCA-disinfected indoor swimming pools, highlighting the importance of inorganic DBPs from evidences of concentration, cytotoxicity, and cancer risk for the first time.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）