MEAT SCIENCE
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2021
·
IF 5.209
Lei Wang,Ting Liu,Liu Liu,Yongfeng Liu,Xiaoxia Wu
This study aimed to investigate the effects of antibacterial substances embedded in nanoemulsions on the volatile compounds and the bacterial community composition of refrigerated pork stored at 4 °C for 12 days, and to evaluate the relationship between volatile components and bacterial diversity of refrigerated pork. As compared to the control (CK) group, the treatment groups (thyme essential oil chitosan nanoemulsions (TEO-CS), thymol chitosan nanoemulsions (T-CS) and chitosan nanoemulsions (CS)) showed lower TVB-N values, pH values, TBARs values and better protective against color degradation. The E -nose and GC–MS evaluation indicated that compounds causing unpleasant odors could be inhibited in the T-CS and TEO-CS groups. In addition, high-throughput sequencing showed that Pseudomonas (18.3%), Lactococcus (27.0%) and Acinetobacter (38.8%) were predominant genera of refrigerated pork in the early storage period. At day 12, Pseudomonas (84.3%) increased rapidly in the CK group and became the main microbiota. By contrast, both coatings changed the microbial composition, reduced the proportion of spoilage organisms and retained bacterial diversity. Therefore, chitosan nanoemulsions with antibacterial substance could be considered as an effective supplementary and method to improve the preservation effect of fresh pork, which provides a solution to against conventional packaging and extend the shelf-life of meat.
研究领域:
食品科学
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微生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 4.006
Ting Liu,Jiamu Kang,Liu Liu
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notoriously difficult pathogen to control with antibiotics and disinfectants. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO) and thymol are useful for replacing synthetic bacteriostatic agents due to their broad-spectrum bactericidal properties. This study focuses on understanding the inhibitory effects of TEO and its major component against P. aeruginosa , and exploring the antibacterial mechanism from the perspectives of cell membrane destruction, DNA intercalation and biofilm prevention. Results indicate that thymol is the principal component in TEO, as confirmed by GC-MS analysis. TEO and thymol potently combat the planktonic P. aeruginosa and directly change the cell structure. P. aeruginosa cell membrane integrity is destroyed as evidenced by an increase in permeability of the inner and outer membranes and the leakage of intracellular biological macromolecules (DNA). Our study further confirms that the accumulation of intracellular ROS caused by TEO and thymol can result in oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage. Thymol intercalates in the P. aeruginosa genomic DNA to affect the normal function of DNA and even cause bacterial death. Moreover, TEO and thymol affect the biofilm formation and limit the bacterial swimming and swarming motilities. This study provides a potential approach for the development and utilization of natural essential oils and bioactive compunds as novel food additives in the food processing.
研究领域:
微生物学
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药理学
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食品科学
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DOI
高影响因子
PHARMAZIE
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2012
·Vol. 67
·期 12
·1002-1006
·
IF 1.006
Dong Rui-Hua,Fang Zhong-Ze,Zhu Liang-Liang,Ge Guang-Bo,Cao Yun-Feng,Li Xiao-Bao,Hu Cui-Min,Yang Ling,Liu Ze-Yuan
Carvacrol and thymol are phenolic compounds with similar structures isolated from many aromatic plants, and have been demonstrated to exert multiple pharmacological effects. The metabolic and pharmacokinetic behaviour of thymol and carvacrol has received much attention. Carvacrol and
thymol have been demonstrated to undergo phase I metabolism such as hydroxylation reaction. However, drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in this process remain unclear. Given that cytochrome P450 s (CYPs) are involved in most phase I metabolism, the aim of the present study was to investigate
the role of CYPs in the metabolism of thymol and carvacrol. After incubation with human liver microsomes (HLMs) in the presence of NADPH, a new metabolite and two metabolites were detected for thymol and carvacrol, respectively. A combination of chemical inhibition studies and assays with
recombinant CYP isoforms demonstrated that CYP2A6 was the predominant drug-metabolizing enzyme involved in the metabolism of thymol and carvacrol. All these results remind the researchers that special attention should be paid on pharmacokinetic and clinical outcomes when thymol or carvacrol
was co-administrated with other compounds mainly undergoing CYP2A6-mediated metabolism.
研究领域:
药理学
·
生物化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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2019
·
IF 3.714
Rui Cai,Mingquan Zhang,Lu Cui,Yahong Yuan,Yifei Yang,Zhouli Wang,Tianli Yue
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris has received much attention due to its unique thermo-acidophilic property and implication in the spoilage of pasteurized juices. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial characteristics and mechanisms of thymol against A. acidoterrestris vegetative cells and spores. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of thymol against vegetative cells were both 0.25 mg/mL. MIC of thymol against spores was 0.5 mg/mL, and the MBC was greater than 1.0 mg/mL. Thymol could effectively inhibit A. acidoterrestris growth, spore germination and guaiacol production. When treated by thymol, the leakage of nucleic acids and proteins from A. acidoterrestris cells and spores increased significantly. SDS-PAGE investigation of bacterial proteins showed that the loss of soluble proteins was obvious as well. Scanning electron microscopy observation exhibited that A. acidoterrestris cells or spores treated with thymol had a severe morphological damage. These results demonstrated that thymol exerted its good antibacterial activities by destroying the integrity of the cell and spore. This study provides a new method for the inactivation of A. acidoterrestris in fruit juice.
研究领域:
食品科学
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微生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
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2024
·
IF 4.9
Yu Duan,Dexiang Wang,Shengnan Li,Minkang Hu,Boyang Qin,Yu Lv,Haijun Du,Jun Feng
Carvacrol has widely used in the field of medicine and sterilization. Thus, developing reliable, efficient, and rapid method for the carvacrol detection is meaningful. In this study, we fabricated a carvacrol sensor based on Pb 0.95 Ti 0.05 O decorated with nitrogen self-doped biochar (Pb 0.95 Ti 0.05 O/NC), which was synthesized by hydrothermal and carbonization of soybean root nodules, respectively. The prepared sensor exhibited better electrochemical performances than that of PbO, Pb 0.95 Ti 0.05 O, NC. The fabricated Pb 0.95 Ti 0.05 O/NC sensor exhibited a wide detection range from 0.1 to 190 µ M and a low detection limit of 0.054 µ M. The excellent electrochemical performances were attributed to the increased electron density and electron mobility after the introduction of Ti doping and nitrogen doped carbon. Mechanistic studies revealed that the electrochemical oxidation of carvacrol involves one electron and was limited by adsorption process. The sensor demonstrated good stability, anti-interference, reproducibility, and good repeatability. Moreover, the sensor displayed excellent recovery rates ranging from 92.7% to 102.9% when applied to the detection of carvacrol in real samples, making it a promising candidate for practical applications in the sensitive detection of carvacrol.
研究领域:
分析化学
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食品科学
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医学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS
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2024
·
IF 5.3
Deze Mi,Chenyu Liu,Qingzhao Shi,Weihong Qiao
Thymol, a widely utilized essential oil compound, boasts diverse applications as a flavoring agent, antibacterial agent, and preservative due to its potent antibacterial, antiviral, and preservative properties. However, its solid crystal form and limited water solubility pose significant obstacles to practical implementation. So, this study aimed to enhance thymol’s water solubility and broaden its applications by formulating an oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion using the green surfactant alkyl polyglycoside (APG). To assess the solubilization capacity of different formulations, a pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed, comparing the area ratio of the single-phase region, and the optimal formulation ratios were determined: a 1:2 mass ratio of thymol to oleic acid for the mixed oil phase and a 3:1 mass ratio of APG0810 to ethanol for the surfactant phase. Achieving a 1:9 mass ratio of oil phase to surfactant phase, with a water content exceeding 70%, yielded an infinitely dilutable O/W microemulsion. Particle size measurements confirmed the microemulsion’s long-term stability across various temperatures. Investigation of thymol’s solubilization within the microemulsion utilized fluorescence spectroscopy and 1 H NMR spectroscopy, revealing preferential dissolution within the palisade layer composed of APG carbon chains. Molecular dynamics simulations and dissipative particle dynamics simulations were employed to calculate the interfacial formation energy of different APG in the ternary system, providing insights into the relationship between molecular structure and interfacial activity. In conclusion, this study presents an APG-based O/W microemulsion with excellent stability as a means to enhance thymol’s solubility, enabling its wider application in various fields.
研究领域:
化学
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生物学
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材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
TOXICOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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2017
·
IF 0.795
Beibei Liu,Bing Chen,Jing Zhang,Ping Wang,Gang Feng
In this study, the environmental fate of thymol, including hydrolysis, aqueous photolysis, soil sorption and soil degradation, was studied under conditions that simulated the tropical agricultural environment. This study was undertaken to supply basic information for evaluating the environmental risks of applying this new botanical pesticide to tropical crop production. The results showed that the hydrolysis of thymol was pH-dependent and accelerated by acidic conditions and high temperatures. However, the hydrolysis rate was far lower than the aqueous photolysis rate, indicating that direct photolysis is an important dissipation pathway for thymol in water. The sorption of thymol by three tropical soils was consistently well described by the Freundlich model, and the sorption coefficients increased in the order sandy soil < loamy soil < clay soil, a characterization that depended on the organic carbon contents of the soil. The soil degradation rate of thymol decreased in the order sandy soil > loamy soil > clay soil, which has a negative correlation with the sorption of thymol in soils. We concluded that the degradation rates of thymol in tropical soil and water are fast: thymol in water is photodegraded (50%) by sunlight within 28 h, and the thymol in soils is degraded (50%) within 8.4 d. Therefore, the environmental risk to the surrounding soils and water of thymol application for tropical crop production is low.
研究领域:
环境科学
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农药学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2023
·Vol. 28
·期 8
·3398
·
IF 4.6
Na Li,Hongyue Zhang,Min Cui,Jujie Ren,Jingru Huang,Bao Sun,Haiyan Zhao,Cong Zhang
In this study, the preparation of covalent polyoxometalate organic frameworks (CPOFs) is introduced using the idea of polyoxometalate and covalent organic frameworks. Firstly, the prepared polyoxometalate was functionalized with an amine group (NH2-POM-NH2), and then the CPOFs were prepared by a solvothermal Schiff base reaction with NH2-POM-NH2and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (Tp) as monomers. After the incorporation of PtNPs and MWCNTs into the CPOFs material, the PtNPs-CPOFs-MWCNTs nanocomposites, which possess excellent catalytic activity and electrical conductivity, were formed and utilized as new electrode materials for the electrochemical thymol sensors. The obtained PtNPs-CPOFs-MWCNTs composite exhibits excellent activity toward thymol, which is attributable to its large special surface area, good conductivity and the synergistic catalysis of each component. Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor presented a good electrochemical response to thymol. The sensor shows two good linear relationships between the current and thymol concentration in the range of 2–65 μM (R2= 0.996) and 65–810 μM (R2= 0.997), with the corresponding sensitivity of 72.7 μA mM−1and 30.5 μA mM−1, respectively. Additionally, the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 0.2 μM (S/N = 3). At the same time, the prepared thymol electrochemical sensor revealed superior stability and selectivity. The constructed PtNPs-CPOFs-MWCNT electrochemical sensor is the first example of thymol detection.Keywords:polyoxometalate;CPOFs;thymol sensor;electrochemistry
研究领域:
材料科学
·
分析化学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL
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2025
·
IF 2
Tanfang Xu,Junfeng Liu,Ping Wang,Junfeng Zan,Ke Yang,Daizhi Tian,Maohua Chen,Yanhua Li
Thymol (THY) is a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial; however, its biological activity and application in the food and pharmaceutical fields are limited due to its low water solubility and volatility. In this study, inclusion complexes of cationic-β-cyclodextrin-THY (C-β-CD-THY) were prepared by using the aqueous stirring method. Then UV–Vis spectra, FT-IR, NMR, DSC, XRD and SEM data were collected to characterise the structure and morphology of the inclusion complexes. Phase solubility experiments showed a better solubilisation effect of C-β-CD-THY than HP-β-CD-THY. At a concentration of 0.64 mmol/L for THY, the DPPH scavenging rate was 60.99% and 61.31% for HP-β-CD-THY and C-β-CD-THY, respectively, whereas that of THY in 10% ethanol was only 43.47%. The bacteriostatic activity was verified using a circle of inhibition and the live/dead bacterial double stain. C-β-CD-THY exhibited better antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than HP-β-CD-THY. In conclusion, the C-β-CD-THY inclusion complexes have the potential to be applied as an effective bacteriostatic agent for food and pharmaceutical applications.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
药物化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Xiangbin Sun,Xiaobing Ma,Yufeng He,Pengfei Song,Rongmin Wang
The natural plant essential oil carvacrol exhibits substantial antimicrobial properties. However, its efficacy is significantly compromised following functionalization, thereby limiting its optimal application in polymer science. In this study, a quaternary ammonium carvacrol ester ionic liquid monomer was synthesized utilizing the ionic liquid technique. Subsequently, a series of cyclodextrin-grafted poly(quaternary ammonium carvacrol ester) polymer nanospheres were prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The controllability offered by RAFT polymerization enables precise loading of carvacrol small molecules, representing a significant breakthrough for the incorporation of carvacrol into polymers. Particularly noteworthy is the CD-DM x formulation, which demonstrates exceptional antibacterial efficacy against both E. coli and S. aureus . This is attributed to the synergistic interaction between carvacrol and cationic components, resulting in a 100% antibacterial ratio. Additionally, the labile nature of the betaine ester bonds with carvacrol and cations facilitates the controlled release of carvacrol from the CD-DM x matrix while preventing its deactivation during functionalization. This property facilitates the transition of CD-DM x from exhibiting antibacterial properties (offense mode) to demonstrating anti-protein adhesion properties (defense mode). Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessments and electrospinning studies have demonstrated the biocompatibility and potential applications of CD-DM x in medical protective equipment. In summary, we have not only proposed a strategy for the efficient utilization of natural carvacrol essential oil but has also developed a green, environmentally friendly cationic essential oil-based antibacterial agent that is well-suited for medical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物医学工程
·
高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 1
·86
·
IF 3.4
Liang Wang,Tianjun Ni,Shiqin Wei
In this study, thymol was covalently connected to mesoporous silica nanomaterial by a post-grafting method to obtain a stable antibacterial system, thus overcoming the volatilization of thymol, prolonging the effective time of antibacterial action, and enhancing the antibacterial efficiency of thymol. It was proposed for the first time that such a synthetic route be adopted to synthesize silica-based mesoporous/essential oil antibacterial materials. The post-grafting method could be capable of retaining the mesoporous original structure, which could effectively avoid the porosity reduction and disordered products caused by condensation. Among them, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of functionalized MCM-41 (silica support) forE. coliandS. aureuswere 0.3 mg mL−1and 0.4 mg mL−1, which were equivalent to 3/4 and 4/5 of free thymol (0.4 mg mL−1and 0.5 mg mL−1), respectively. Meanwhile, the MBC of functionalized SBA-15 (silica support) forE. coliandS. aureuswere both 0.2 mg mL−1, which also reduced the MBC of free thymol. These results revealed thymol-functionalized mesoporous silica nanomaterial could efficiently improve the bactericidal activities of the organic component. Finally, the inhibition mechanism of the post-grafting strategy was also discussed, which referred to how the antibacterial material directly acts on the cell membrane, resulting in cell inactivation.Keywords:thymol;nano mesoporous materials;post-grafting method;antimicrobial activity
研究领域:
材料科学
·
微生物学
·
生物化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Foods
·
2023
·Vol. 12
·期 13
·2560
·
IF 5.2
Wu Wang,Tingting Li,Jing Chen,Yingwang Ye
This research investigates the antibacterial potential of plant essential oil components including thymol, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, limonene, and β-pinene againstSalmonellaEnteritidis (S.Enteritidis). Through the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration, three kinds of natural antibacterial agents with the best inhibitory effect onS.Enteritidis were determined, namely thymol (128 μg/mL), carvacrol (256 μg/mL), and cinnamaldehyde (128 μg/mL). Physical, chemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics were regularly monitored on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. The findings of this study reveal that both thymol at MIC of 128 μg/mL and carvacrol at MIC of 256 μg/mL not only maintained the sensory quality of chicken, but also decreased the pH, moisture content, and TVB-N value. Additionally, thymol, carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde successfully inhibited the formation ofS.Enteritidis biofilm, thereby minimizing the number ofS.Enteritidis and the total aerobic plate count in chicken. Hence, thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde have more effective inhibitory activities againstS.Enteritidis, which can effectively prevent the spoilage of chicken and reduce the loss of its functional components.Keywords:SalmonellaEnteritidis;thymol;carvacrol;cinnamaldehyde
研究领域:
食品安全
·
微生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）