Introduction Adjuvants can effectively enhance the utilization rate of pesticides, but the application of adjuvants in plant growth regulators is rarely studied. Methods This work explored the effects of adjuvants dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) and methyl oleate (MO) on lime sulfur (LS), especially the drop behavior on flower and paraffin surface. Results The results showed that the addition of AOT and AOT+MO can significantly reduce the static and dynamic surface tension of LS from 72mN/m to 28mN/m and 32mN/m respectively, and increase the spreading factor from 0.18 to 1.83 and 3.10 respectively, reduce the bounce factor from 2.72 to 0.37 and 0.27 respectively. The fluorescence tracer test showed that the addition of adjuvants could promote the spreading and permeation of droplets. The field test results revealed that the flower thinning rate of adjuvant and non-adjuvant were 80.55% and 54.4% respectively, and the flower thinning effect of adding adjuvant was the same as that of artificial which the flower thinning rate was 84.77%. The quality of apples treated with adjuvants was similar to that treated with artificial, and the weight of single fruit increased by 24.08% compared with CK (spray water). Discussion The application of tank-mixture adjuvant could reduce the dosage of LS for thinning agent application, improve apple’s quality, and decrease labor cost and improve the economic benefits of fruit planting and the environmental benefits of plant growth regulators.
Chuanqi Jian,Yanru Hao,Rentao Liu,Xiaochen Qi,Minmin Chen,Na Liu
Heterotrophic sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification is a promising biological denitrification technology for low COD/TN (C/N) wastewater due to its high efficiency and low cost. Compared to the conventional autotrophic denitrification process driven by elemental sulfur, the presence of polysulfide in the system can promote high-speed nitrogen removal. However, autotrophic denitrification mediated by polysulfide has not been reported. This study investigated the denitrification performance and microbial metabolic mechanism of heterotrophic denitrification, sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification, and mixotrophic denitrification using lime sulfur and butanediol as electron donors. When the influent C/N was 1, the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the mixotrophic denitrification process was 1.67 and 1.14 times higher than that of the heterotrophic and sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification processes, respectively. Microbial community alpha diversity and principal component analysis indicated different electron donors lead to different evolutionary directions in microbial communities. Metagenomic analysis showed the enriched denitrifying bacteria ( Thauera , Pseudomonas , and Pseudoxanthomonas ), dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia bacteria ( Hydrogenophaga ), and sulfur oxidizing bacteria ( Thiobacillus ) can stably support nitrate reduction. Analysis of metabolic pathways revealed that complete denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, and sulfur disproportionation are the main pathways of the N and S cycle. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a mixotrophic denitrification process driven by a combination of lime sulfur and butanediol as a cost-effective solution for treating nitrogen pollution in low C/N wastewater and elucidates the N and S metabolic pathways involved.
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