Ratiometric chemical exchange saturation transfer pH mapping using two iodinated agents with nonequivalent amide protons and a single low saturation power
Background As an essential physiological parameter, pH plays a critical role in maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis. The ratiometric chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method using clinically approved iodinated agents has emerged as one of the most promising noninvasive techniques for pH assessment. Methods In this study, we investigated the ability to use the combination of two different nonequivalent amide protons, chosen from five iodinated agents, namely iodixanol, iohexol, iobitridol, iopamidol, and iopromide, for pH measurement. The ratio of two nonequivalent amide CEST signals was calculated and compared for pH measurements in the range of 5.6 to 7.6. To quantify the CEST signals at 4.3 and 5.5 parts per million (ppm), we employed two analytic methods: magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry and Lorentzian fitting analysis. Lastly, the established protocol was used to measure the pH values in healthy rat kidneys (n=5). Results The combination of iodixanol and iobitridol at a ratio of 1:1 was found to be suitable for pH mapping. The saturation power level (B 1 ) was also investigated, and a low B 1 of 1.5 µT was adopted for subsequent pH measurements. Improved precision and an extended pH detection range were achieved using iodixanol and iobitridol (1:1 ratio) and a single low B 1 of 1.5 µT in vitro . In vivo renal pH values were measured as 7.23±0.09, 6.55±0.15, and 6.29±0.23 for the cortex, medulla, and calyx, respectively. Conclusions These results show that the ratiometric CEST method using two iodinated agents with nonequivalent amide protons could be used for in vivo pH mapping of the kidney under a single low B 1 saturation power.
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