RSC Advances
·
2018
·Vol. 8
·期 63
·36286-36297
·
IF 2.936
Gaowei Yuan,Bing Yang,Yinghong Chen,Yinggang Jia
Due to the poor dispersion in polymer matrix, graphene can hardly be used alone as a flame-retardant additive for polymers. In this paper, a novel halogen-free flame retardant – the ternary graft product of silsesquioxane, graphene oxide and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (PMGO) with a structure of graphene oxide layers modified with the synergistic flame retardant multiple elements of phosphorous, nitrogen and silicon was synthesized and then used in combination with traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to enhance the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP). The experimental results show that the thermal and flame retardant properties of flame-retardant (FR) PP composites are significantly improved by introducing 5 wt% PMGO as well as 20 wt% IFR. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of the FR PP composite are reduced 61.5% and 40.2%, respectively, compared to neat PP. Based on the char layer observation and thermal analysis, the enhancement in flame retardancy is mainly attributed to the outstanding intumescent char layers with high strength and thermal stability formed under the synergistic effect of PMGO and IFR. Besides, the introduced phosphorous, nitrogen and silicon hydrophilic groups do not show the negative effects on the surface hydrophobicity of flame retardant PP materials, which could broaden its scope of application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Shuyang Shi,Shuxian Zheng,Kun Zeng,Liang Yue,Xianlai Zhang,Wenhui Rao,Chuanbai Yu
The inflammability of epoxy resins (EPs) severely limits their safe and reliable application. The design and application of flame retardants has enormous potential for increasing the fire safety of EP composites. In the present study, a novel organic-inorganic nanohybrid material (VDSZ), consisting of mesoporous silica (SBA-15), P/N/Si-containing compound and the transition metal (Zn), was constructed by in-situ functional modification of the inner and outer surfaces of SBA-15. That is, Zn was in-situ modified on the inner pore surface of SBA-15, and phosphorus-containing compound was in-situ grafting onto outer surface of SBA-15 by Schiff base reaction. The results showed that EP/VDSZ-3 composite had a significant improvement in flame-retardant properties. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for EP/VDSZ-3 increased from 24.5 % (EP) to 30.8 %, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, the findings of the cone calorimeter test (CCT) demonstrated that, in comparison with pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total smoke generation and smoke production release of EP/VDSZ-3 decreased by 29.16 %, 25.95 %, and 30.90 % respectively. Moreover, the impact strength of EP/VDSZ-1 was 40 % higher than that of pure EP. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of EP composites improved dramatically as the VDSZ increased. This study found that creating a multi-level structure provided a fresh idea for simultaneously boosting polymer flame retardancy, smoke suppression and thermal stability, which will be applied to building materials with flame retardant requirements.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2016
·Vol. 128
·期 2
·653-660
·
IF 1.781
Zhou Li,Liang Zongsheng,Li Rong,Huang Dan,Ren Xuehong
A novel environmentally friendly flame-retardant compound, diethyl 3-(triethoxysilanepropyl) phosphoramidate (DTP) was synthesized via a simple one-step procedure with good yield and characterized by FT-IR and 1 H-NMR, 31 P-NMR and 29 Si-NMR. The synthesized compound was coated onto cotton fabrics with different levels of add-ons (5–17 mass%) using the traditional pad-dry-cure method. SEM and XPS were conducted to characterize the surfaces of the coated cotton fabrics. The XPS results showed that DTP was attached to cotton through covalent bond. Cone calorimeter test showed that the cotton fabric treated with DTP became less flammable due to the lower HRR, THR and CO 2 /CO ratio. The modified cotton fabrics exhibited efficient flame retardancy, which was evidenced by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical flammability test. Cotton fabrics treated with DTP in 5–17 mass% add-ons had high LOI values of 23–32%. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that the usage of DTP promotes degradation of the cotton fabrics and catalyzes its char formation.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2019
·Vol. 26
·期 12
·7553-7567
·
IF 3.917
Liu Mingsheng,Huang Shuo,Zhang Guangxian,Zhang Fengxiu
Abstract A durable and effective flame retardant (FR) was synthesized in this work by taking advantage of the high reactivity of a cyclodiphosphazane derivative, without the use of formaldehyde. The FR is halogen-free and has the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon. Fire resistance of the cotton fabrics is significantly enhanced after the FR treatment. The limiting oxygen indices of cotton treated with 30% FR increase from 18.2 to 52.9% and decrease to 27.2% after 50 launder cycles, demonstrating that the proposed material is a durable FR. The thermo-gravimetric analysis results indicate that compared with the control cotton, the degradation process of the treated cotton occurred at a lower temperature range, the degree of degradation was lower, and the residue is improved. The total heat release and the effective heat combustion values are notably lower for the treated cotton than the control cotton. Furthermore, mechanical property tests demonstrate that the tensile strength is largely retained, while the bending length of the treated cotton partly increases. The surface morphology of the treated cotton is investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared and elemental analysis show that the FR was successfully grafted onto the surface of the cotton fabric. 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance verify the chemical structure of the FR.
Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2019
·Vol. 26
·期 6
·4213-4223
·
IF 3.917
Li Shanshan,Lin Xinghuan,Liu Ying,Li Rong,Ren Xuehong,Huang Tung-Shi
Abstract A novel silicon- and nitrogen-containing compound, poly[3-(5,5-cyanuricacidpropyl)-siloxane-co-trimethyl ammoniumpropyl siloxane chloride] (PCQS) was synthesized and coated onto cotton fabrics with phytic acid (PA) by layer-by-layer assembly. The treated cotton fabrics were characterized by SEM, FT-IR and EDX. The thermal property, mechanical property, flame retardancy and antibacterial property of the coated cotton fabrics were investigated. The breaking strength of the coated cotton fabrics had a small decline. With the flame retardant effect of PCQS and PA, the coated cotton fabrics obtained excellent flame retardancy with LOI value of 29.8% and char length of 8.1 cm. Furthermore, the LOI value and char length of Cotton-PEI/(PCQS/PA) 30 -Cl separately reached 28.5% and 7.9 cm and Cotton-PEI/(PCQS/PA) 30 -Cl also showed high thermal stability with char yield of 34% at 600 °C, whereas pure cotton fabrics only obtained 8% char yield. The Cotton-PEI/(PCQS/PA) 30 -Cl exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus with 100% bacterial reduction at 10 6 CFU per square inch inoculated level within 1 min of contact time, respectively. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 3
·1-10
·
IF 2.8
Jiang Yuanping,Liu Lian,He Guohang,Shang Ning,Xie Yingying,Han Huan,Ma Mingyang,Li Xiang
A flame retardant precursor named DTDO, which contains phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon, was synthesized and grafted to graphene oxide (GO) to prepare functional graphene oxide (FGO), which was further applied to prepare a crosslinked organic/inorganic hybrid intumescent flame retardant (FGOS) through in situ sol gel process. 3 wt% loading of FGOS can reduce the combustion parameters of inflammable epoxy resin (EP) obviously, such as the heat release rate (28.1% reduction), smoke production rate (19.6% reduction), and average mass loss rate (61.2% reduction). The EP/FGOS-3 sample shows a LOI value of 29.1% and passes UL-94 and V-0 flammability rating, and the char residue increased from 0.3% to 8.5%. The results indicates a significant enhanced flame retardancy of EP, phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, and GO in FGOS promoted the forming of a compact and porous char layer, thus to prevent further combustion and improve the flame retardancy of EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 23
·e53926
·
IF 3
Huaiyin Liu,Penglun Zheng,Junwei Li,Jichang Sun,Rui Wang,Haihan Zhao,Jing Wu,Yun Zheng,Quanyi Liu
Epoxy resins (EP) have great chemical and physical properties, but their poor flame retardant properties have prevented their widespread use. To improve the flame retardancy properties of EP, an active P/N/Si flame retardant (KDC) containing a double bond was successfully synthesized in this work by using a typical aldehyde amine condensation reaction. This flame retardant not only can form a large molecule flame retardant in situ by double bond reaction and increase the tightness with EP matrix, but also has the advantage of P/N/Si three elements synergistic flame retardant, and at the same time play the flame retardant performance of each element, can achieve excellent flame retardant performance and low smoke and toxicity with low addition amount. Subsequently, the performance of the flame retardants was tested. When 7 wt% of KDC was added, the pHRR and TSR of the EP composites were reduced by 51.7% and 29.8%, respectively. More importantly, the addition of KDC inhibited the release of toxic fuels and smoke from EP, where the TSP values of EP/3-KDC were 18.14% below those of neat EP and increased the residual amount of charcoal, while the inhibition of CO and CO 2 release was particularly pronounced with the presence of KDC.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2024
·
IF 8.3
Lin Zhang,Ai-Ning Zhang,Shuang-Mei He,Guan-Qi Zheng,Fu-Rong Zeng,Yu-Zhong Wang,Bo-Wen Liu,Hai-Bo Zhao
The inherent flammability of most polymeric materials poses a significant fire hazard, leading to substantial property damage and loss of life. A universal flame-retardant protective coating is considered as a promising strategy to mitigate such risks; however, simultaneously achieving high transparency of the coatings remains a great challenge. Here, inspired by the moth eye effect, we designed a nanoporous structure into a protective coating that leverages a hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactive assembly facilitated by phosphoric acid protonated amino siloxane. The coating demonstrates robust adhesion to a diverse range of substrates, including but not limited to fabrics, foams, paper, and wood. As expected, its moth-eye-inspired nanoporous structure conferred a high visible light transparency of >97% and water vapor transmittance of 96%. The synergistic effect among phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and silicon (Si) largely enhanced the char-forming ability and restricted the decomposition of the coated substrates, which successfully endowed the coating with high fire-fighting performance. More importantly, for both flexible and rigid substrates, the coated samples all possessed great mechanical properties. This work provides a new insight for the design of protective coatings, particularly focusing on achieving high transparency.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纳米技术
·
防火材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2019
·
IF 6.97
Na Li,Jing Ming,Ruchao Yuan,Shuo Fan,Liu Liu,Faxue Li,Xueli Wang,Jianyong Yu,Dequn Wu
A novel schiff base (BD) containing nitrogen and silicone was prepared, and a phosphorus–nitrogen silicone flame retardant (BDD) was synthesized based on BD and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). It was found that the structure of BD changed continuously during the heating process and formed a self-cross-linking network structure at about 400 °C, while the porous fluffy shape was formed by BDD as an intumescent flame retardant. The char yields of BD and BDD at 700 °C were 62% and 38% in nitrogen, respectively. The obtained BD and BDD were blended to enhance the flame retardancy of cellulose membranes via a cooperative effect, and the properties were significantly achieved, which can be proved by the limit oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test, and thermogravimetric results. The results showed that the incorporation of 25 wt % BD brought a 29% LOI, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was reduced to 732.2 kW/m2, in contrast with an LOI of 18% and PHRR of 1050.1 kW/m2 for pure cellulose. The addition of 25% BDD increased the LOI to 27% and decreased the PHRR to 644.9 kW/m2. The improved flame-retardant performance for cellulose membranes was primarily assigned to the synergistic effect from the physical barriers of self-cross-linking properties in the condensed phase and capturing or dilution of combustible gases by free radicals. This suggested that wielding BD as a self-crossing monomer and applying BDD as an intumescent flame retardant to achieve effective results on fire suppression had great potential for fire-safe cellulose.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2022
·Vol. 29
·期 5
·1-13
·
IF 3.061
Wang Huixin,Sun Ling,Wang Shihao,Li Yuyang,Jin Xin,He Wenzhan,Liu Jie,Zhu Ping,Dong Chaohong
A novel phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon-calcium alginate flame-retardant system was successfully prepared, and it was employed on the surface of polyester fabrics by the surface coating method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) were applied to analyze and determine the surface morphology and elemental composition of uncoated and coated polyester fabrics. Obviously, it was observed that the flame-retardant system was coated on the surface of polyester fabrics, and the processed sample generated a dense intumescent char layer after burning. The flame retardancy of uncoated and coated polyester fabrics was characterized by the vertical flammability test (VFT) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Compared with the original fabrics, the optimal coated polyester fabrics were not accompanied by a melt-dripping phenomenon during the combustion process, their LOI value increased from 19.2 ± 0.2% to 32.5 ± 0.3%, and the damage length was also reduced to 6.5 ± 0.2 cm. Simultaneously, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimetry test (CCT) confirmed that the flame-retardant system changed the thermal degradation process of polyester fabrics and showed a good smoke suppression efficacy. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism of optimal coated polyester fabrics in the gas phase and the condensed phase was effectively proved by the FTIR of char residue and TG-FTIR analysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
火灾安全科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2021
·
IF 3.512
Minghui Fang,Jun Qian,Xuezhi Wang,Zhong Chen,Ruilin Guo,Yifeng Shi
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2018
·Vol. 42
·期 8
·946-957
·
IF 1.22
Zhang Wang,Li Yonggang,Ma Huijuan,Song Wenpeng,Lin Tao,Lu Cuifen,Nie Junqi,Yang Guichun,Chen Zuxing
Summary Two novel phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon copolymers (DDSQ-N-P-yne and DDSQ-N-P-ene) were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction with DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. DOPO derivatives with different end groups were designed and synthesized to compare the flame retardancy and compatibility of phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon copolymers by different linkers between DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. The synthesized copolymers have been evidenced by 1 H, 29 Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography and then introduced into polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) alloy to study their flame retardancy and explore whether they exhibit a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy. The flame-retardant properties of DDSQ-N-P-yne (or ene) systems as well as the morphology were investigated in detail by using limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, UL-94, microcalorimeter, energy dispersive X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. When DDSQ-N-P-yne (or ene) content is 10 wt%, the composites of PC/ABS are identified to be very effective according to limiting oxygen index, UL-94, and microcalorimeter. The microstructures of the char were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the results indicated a tight and compact graphitized layer shaped, which plays an important role in improving the excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC/ABS alloy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）