Materials Today Communications
·
2021
·
IF 3.383
Chenhao Zhang,Huajun Duan,Chao Wan,Chentao Liu,Huijuan Zhao,Huiru Ma
In order to broaden the application field of epoxy resin (EP), it is significant to heighten the fire safety without deteriorating the comprehensive performance. A high-efficiency reactive phosphorus/nitrogen/sulfur flame retardant (SAD) derived from 2-Thenaldehyde, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene10-oxide (DOPO) and 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) was designed, acting as the co-curing agent for DGEBA/DDM system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to confirmed the chemical structure of SAD . Besides, the glass transition temperature (T g ) was gradually increased from 150.4 ℃ for EP to 156.9 ℃ for EP-7.5 and the maximum thermal decomposition rate was decreased after the introduction of SAD. The samples exhibited excellent thermal stability. Meanwhile, SAD promoted cross-linking reaction during curing process. Compared with EP, EP-5 (phosphorus content was 0.39 wt%) reached V-0 rating in vertical burning (UL-94) test and acquired a remarkable enhancement from 25.7% to 34.7% in the limited oxygen index (LOI) value, an obvious blowing out effect occurred when the samples burned. Furthermore, from the data of cone calorimeter (CC) tests, there was a reduction of 19.1% and 16.6% for EP-7.5′s the total heat release (THR) and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared with EP. And the analysis of char residue and incomplete combustion products indicated that SAD displayed bi-phase flame-retardant effect. It is very meaningful that the mechanical properties of materials were slightly enhanced after the introduction of SAD. The results showed that SAD has a broad prospect in practical application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Yanxu Tian,Jiangang Zhang,Wen Cao,Xiong Liu,Xianming Zhang,Wenxing Chen,Jianna Bao
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), which is recognized as a potential biodegradable material, brings serious fire concern because of its flammability with heavily molten drips. In this investigation, a bio-based flame retardant named CS@ATMP@MI (CAM) consisting of chitosan (CS), amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), and methionine (MI) was developed through a simple and environmental-friendly synthesis approach. CAM provided effective flame retardancy and anti-dripping ability without compromising mechanical properties. PLA/CAM composites achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with 1.0 wt% CAM and a limited oxygen index value of 28.4 % with 3.0 wt% CAM. The high efficiency is due to the high phosphate content in ATMP and the strong coordination between CS, ATMP, and MI. The cone calorimetry tests showed that adding 2.0 wt% CAM increased the total smoke production from 0.2 to 0.6 m 2 , and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrum analysis indicated that combustible gas production was reduced over 50 % with 3.0 wt% CAM, demonstrating that phosphorus-nitrogen synergy in CAM could effectively capture free radicals and released inert gases. Char analysis showed that the PLA/CAM composites could form a thicker and denser char layer during combustion due to phosphorus-sulfur synergy, which promoted char formation to shield mass transfer. PLA/CAM composites maintained excellent mechanical performance, with a 3.0 wt% CAM increasing tensile strength from 53.9 to 57.3 MPa and Young's modulus from 1782 to 2262 MPa. This study presented a sustainable method for synthesizing an effective bio-based flame retardant and a strategy for producing eco-friendly, fire-resistant PLA composites for industrial applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Chemistry
·
2024
·
IF 6.7
Jing Zhou,Yong Guo,Zhongwei Chen,Tingting Chen,Yuan Yu,Qingwu Zhang,Juncheng Jiang
The construction of epoxy resin (EP) composites with remarkable flame retardancy, transparency, and mechanical properties was a challenging subject in the industry. A novel P/N/S oligomer flame retardant (PALO) was synthesized of terephthalaldehyde (TPAL), 4-aminothiophenol (PATP), and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO), and employed in EP to fabricate a series of EP/PALO composites with different PALO amount. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that PALO exhibited remarkable thermal stability, retaining a substantial char residue of 32.2 wt% at 800 °C. Thanks to the synergy of P, N, and S, EP/PALO composites exhibited excellent flame retardancy properties. The LOI value of the EP/PALO composites saw a rise from 31.0 % to 34.2 % as the PALO content increased from 2.5 to 10 wt%, while UL-94 remained at the V-0 rating. EP/PALO also showed significant heat suppression and smoke suppression effects. The combined effects of the physical barrier from phosphate-containing char in the condensed phase, along with the flame-retardant and dilution effects of phosphorus radicals, nitrogen, and sulfur inert gases in the gas phase, contributed to the significant enhancement in flame retardancy observed in the EP/PALO composites. A notable increase in the tensile strength , flexural strength , and elongation at break of EP was triggered by the incorporation of 2.5 wt% PALO, with enhancements observed by 18.2 %, 16.6 %, and 53.1 %, respectively. Simultaneously, PALO effectively maintained the favorable transparency of EP composites under different addition amounts. Therefore, this study outlined a holistic approach for the development of oligomer flame retardants containing P/N/S and had good application potential for constructing EP composites with superior flame retardancy, transparency, and mechanical properties under different addition amounts.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials
·
2024
·Vol. 17
·期 13
·3206
·
IF 3.1
Xiaowei Mu,Jing Zhan,Lu Liu,Zhongyi Yao,Yulu Zhu,Bin Yu,Lei Song
Polycarbonate (PC) as a widely used engineering plastic that shows disadvantages of flammability and large smoke production during combustion. Although many flame-retardant PCs have been developed, most of them show enhanced flame retardancy but poor smoke suppression or worsened mechanical performance. In this work, a novel nitrogen–phosphorus–sulfur synergistic flame retardant (Pc-FR) was synthesized and incorporated into PC with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The extremely low content of PC-FR (0.1–0.5 wt%) contributes significantly to the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical performance of PC. PC/0.3 wt% Pc-FR/0.3 wt% PTFE (PC-P0.3) shows the UL-94 V-0 and LOI of 33.5%. The PHRR, THR, PSPR, PCO and TCO of PC-P0.3 decreased by 39.44%, 14.38%, 17.45%, 54.75% and 30.61%, respectively. The impact strength and storage modulus of PC-P0.1 increased by 7.7 kJ/m2and 26 MPa, respectively. The pyrolysis mechanism of PC-P0.3 is also revealed. The pyrolysis mechanism of PC-P0.3 is stochastic nucleation and subsequent growth and satisfies the Aevrami–Erofeev equation. The reaction order of PC-P0.3 is 1/2. The activation energy of PC-P0.3 is larger than PC-0, which proves that the Pc-FR can suppress the pyrolysis of the PC. This work offers a direction on how to design high-performance PC.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
·
2020
·
IF 2.295
Qianqian Zhang,Jun Wang,Shuang Yang,Jianwen Cheng,Guoping Ding,Yefa Hu,Siqi Huo
In order to meet the requirement in the fields with high flame resistance, the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) must be ameliorated. Herein, a P/N/S-based flame retardant (PAD) was synthesized and used to prepare flame retardant EP. The combustion behavior, thermal property and flame retardant mechanism of the prepared EP thermosets were investigated. PAD induced the decomposition of EP thermoset in advance. Meanwhile, PAD enhanced the flame retardance of EP thermosets and reduced the fire risk of EP matrix. For example, with only 0.5 wt% phosphorus, EP/DDS/PAD-0.5 easily passed UL-94 V-0 rating and achieved a LOI value of 33.6%, together with the declined heat release rate (HRR). Impressively, the glass transition temperature (T g ) of EP/DDS/PAD thermosets dropped by only 3–13 °C, compared with that of EP/DDS. During combustion, PAD prompted the formation of an intumescent char layer in condensed phase, and exerted blowing-out effect in gaseous phase .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 12.5
Jierui Ye,Jiamin Wang,Jingyu Li,Yiwei Li,Pan Chen,Junfeng Wang,Yuebing Gao,Qingtian Xu,Qiang Wu,Qian Li
Bamboo holocellulose emerges as a significant candidate in the field of bio-based functional materials, owing to its rapid growth cycle, high strength, and antioxidant properties. However, its flammability poses a significant critical challenge, thereby hindering the widespread application of this carbonized polymer. In this study, we present a straightforward and efficient ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES) pretreatment strategy. Specifically, the TDES treatment was employed to chemically introduce P/N/S groups into holocellulose and lignin, resulting in the production of flame-retardant holocellulose (HC-SP) and lignin (Lignin-SP), respectively. By adjusting the ratio of these two components, nanosuspensions and nanocomposite films were fabricated through a co-grinding process. The incorporation of Lignin-SP imparted the P/N/S-containing holocellulose nanofibril composite films with exceptional flame retardancy (with a limiting oxygen index exceeding 52.5 %), substantial tensile strength (reaching 152.3 MPa), robust UV-blocking capability (blocking over 98.9 % of UV radiation), and biodegradability (degrading within 70 days). This straightforward preparation strategy for all-biobased green flame-retardant packaging materials holds promising application potential in the fields of flame-retardant food packaging.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物基材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）