VACUUM
·
2024
·
IF 3.8
Zuhong Ji,Yunfei Sun,Xiaodong Guan,Yang Zhou,Junchao Qian,Feng Chen
In this work, the La substitution of iron and replacing the oxygen with fluorine are both adopted to expectantly enhance the rate performance and structure stability of LiFePO 4 during working. The characterizations of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope , transmission electron microscope, charging-discharging tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and safety tests are used to investigate the influences of La 3+ and F − doping on the LiFePO 4 . The results indicate the cathodes after La 3+ doping not only deliver the larger lattice parameters and unit cell volume to broaden the lithium ions migration pathway and accelerate the Li + diffusion speed, but also strengthen the whole bond energy of LiFePO 4 owing to the high bond energy of La–O. In addition, the F replacement of O could increase the length of Li–O bonds and decrease the length of P–O bonds, further be helpful to enhance the Li + diffusion between LiFePO 4 phase and FePO 4 phase due to the weakening of Li–O bonds. Finally, the La 3+ and F − co-doped cathode delivers the superior discharge capacity of 139.3 mAh g −1 at 5C high rate and 127.2 mAh g −1 at −20 °C, with the high discharging capacity of 160.1 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 45 °C.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Storage
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Lu Zhong,Yuejia Qin,Zenan Zhou,Lianyun Zhong,Jietian Liang,Shaohui Hu,Qifan Liu,Yanfei Zeng,Shunmin Yi,Hui You,Shengkui Zhong,Dongliang Yan
Olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LFP) serves as a prominent cathode material for Li-ion batteries, attributed to its natural abundance, remarkable cycling stability, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, its additional utilization has been constrained by its inherent low conductivity and sluggish lithium-ion diffusion rate. Incorporation of heteroatom-doped carbon coatings serves as an effective method to enhance the electrochemical properties of LFP, leading to a notable improvement in both the electronic and ionic conductivity of the material. At present, however, the preparation of heteroatom-doped carbon cladding layer is mostly done by secondary sintering method, which is too cumbersome. In this paper, lithium iron phosphate containing N- and S-element doped carbon layers is synthesized by a simple one-step ball milling method using zein as a source of carbon layers and heteroatoms. The results show that the N- and S-doped carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate prepared from zein has lower polarization by enhancing the diffusion kinetics of the lithium-ion battery. NS/C15@LFP shows an initial discharge specific capacity of 155.97 mAh·g −1 at 0.1C and still shows 84.06 mAh·g −1 at 20C. After returning to 0.1C, there is still a discharge capacity of 161.4 mAh·g −1 . The capacity retention rate is 87 % after 500 cycles at 1C and 89 % after 500 cycles at the high current density of 5C, suggesting its excellent electrochemical performance. This work shows that lithium iron phosphate coating N- and S-doped carbon synthesized by using zein as the carbon source and heteroatom donor is a simple and low-cost strategy that gives LFP excellent electrochemical performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
·
2025
·
IF 10.9
Fei Han,Yaohui Xie,Lin Qu,Zhenzhou Wang,Wei Zhang,Guang Yang,Huiqin Hu,Meiting Huang,Haoxuan Yu,Liming Yang,Xubiao Luo
Deep removal of trace aluminum from lithium extraction slag (LES) is key to recovering high-purity battery-grade iron phosphate (FePO 4 ). Existing methods exhibit low aluminum removal due to the close solubility product constants of Al (III) and Fe (III). In this work, we propose a novel strategy for trace aluminum removal based on fluoride ion-mediated differential coordination of Al (III) and Fe (III). Through precise control of fluoride ion concentration in phosphoric acid solution, iron preferentially precipitates while aluminum predominantly forms soluble fluoride complexes. This distinct behavior enables precise elemental separation through fluoride content optimization. The developed separation technology achieved aluminum removal rate of 98.89 %. It is noteworthy that the aluminum content of precipitated FePO 4 is below 30 ppm, which meets the standard of battery-grade. This work provides a viable technical pathway for the industrialization of Al/Fe separation in the lithium extraction slag leachate and the regeneration of low-Al, high-purity FePO 4 .
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS
·
2020
·
IF 4.65
Peiwen Liu,Yannan Zhang,Peng Dong,Yingjie Zhang,Qi Meng,Siyuan Zhou,Xuan Yang,Mingyu Zhang,Xi Yang
Direct regeneration has been widely applied in recovery of LiFePO 4 batteries. However, excess residual carbon and inherent low electronic and ionic conductivity of spent LiFePO 4 /C cathode materials lead to the reduction of electrochemical performance. Herein, a facile and simple regeneration process of pre-oxidation and vanadium doping is developed to regenerate LiFePO 4 /C cathode materials . Pre-oxidation was applied to remove excess carbon at 500 °C for 3 h in air. Vanadium doping was applied to improve electronic and ionic conductivity of regenerated cathode materials. Among the regenerated cathode materials, the 3 mol% V doped sample possesses discharge capacity of 134.3 mAh/g after 200 cycle at 1C with the discharge capacity retention of 99.1%. At 2, 5, 10C, the discharge capacities are 134, 124.1, 111.5 mAh/g, respectively. The vanadium doping regeneration process with oxidation pre-oxidation is simple, and feasible to be applied in the recovery of spent LiFePO 4 cathode materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储与转换
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Mengyu Lin,Jialiang Zhang,Chengjun Xu,Yongqiang Chen,Chengyan Wang
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become urgently imperative to address global environmental issues and achieve sustainable development of new energy industries. Prioritizing lithium and aluminum leaching is an ideal path for recovering lithium efficiently from spent LFP and preparing high-purity battery-grade FePO 4 . Here, a novel ferric ions-assisted air oxidation method was proposed for the simultaneous leaching of Li and Al. Fe 3+ was ingeniously introduced playing two roles: acting as a catalyst for air oxidation and leaching aluminum. 98.8% Li and 95.2% Al are selectively leached under optimal conditions. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the displacement reaction between Al and Fe 3+ dominates the leaching of Al. Furthermore, Cl − can promote the leaching of Al by forming a stable complex [AlCl 4 ] − with Al 3+ . The reaction course and mechanism were clarified by various characterizations, which indicate that the successful selective leaching of lithium does not destroy the original structure of LFP and the presence of carbon coatings. A cycling process was proposed for enriching the Li + concentration and reusing Fe 3+ , and then Li 2 CO 3 with a purity of 99wt.% was successfully prepared. This method demonstrates excellent economic efficiency and environmental friendliness, thus providing a sustainable and low-carbon recycling route for the spent LFP industry.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Qinyu Zeng,Kaixi Hu,Wannan Hu,Hanzhi Li,Yutao Ma,Qibin Liang,Jingyun Su,Dongju Fu,Lawrence Yoon Suk Lee,Luyang Wang
The increasing demand for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries has raised concerns about the disposal of the cathode materials at the end of their functional lifespan, prompting significant interest in recycling waste LFP cathodes, particularly regarding the use of organic acids to minimize environmental impact and reduce acid mist during the process. However, the coordination of organic acids with Fe affects the distribution of ferric ions in the dissolution–precipitation equilibrium, which represents a significant challenge for the separation of Li and Fe. In this study, we propose an environmentally friendly and effective method for extracting Li from spent LFPs while retaining Fe in the precipitate. Lactic acid was selected in conjunction with H 2 O 2 , enabling Li recovery exceeding 99 % and producing Li 3 PO 4 with a purity of 99.2 %. Monitoring elemental concentrations during the leaching reaction confirms that the leaching process is dual-controlled by both of the internal-diffusion and the external surface reaction models. Comparative studies with oxalic acid and citric acid further demonstrated that the lactic acid-H 2 O 2 system offers superior separation of Li and Fe. Cost analysis indicates that this method yields a profit of 3.56 USD kg −1 , highlighting its economic viability and potential for sustainable recycling practices.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Zhi-Zhong Shen,Rui-Xiang Wang,Hong-Yan Yuan,Yong Guo,Dan Xiao,Yan Meng
The abundance of laterite nickel tailings after nickel extraction not only generate severe environmental contamination but also result in significant waste of metal resources, particularly iron (Fe). Herein, a promising technic of recycling tailings to high-value Fe-based energy storage materials is developed to address above challenges. The traditional hydrometallurgy is firstly applied to leach Fe source from laterite nickel tailings. By referencing the Eh-pH thermodynamic stability phase diagram of the phosphorus system, Fe could be preferentially precipitated in various metal elements, enabling the effective extraction of Fe as raw iron phosphate (FePO 4 ). Notably, a two-step purification strategy is designed to remove residual impurity and adjust Fe/P ratio, subsequently obtaining the high-purity battery-grade FePO 4 . Finally, a solid-phase method is conducted to prepare nano lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) with outstanding electrochemical performance (1C > 150 mAh/g), meeting rigorous commercial standards. Economic analysis further confirms the significant value of implementing this scalable recycling technic, and the potential industrial application is highly anticipated. Thus, this research proposes a sustainable tailings recovery methodology, offering valuable insights for the recycling of other Fe-containing resources.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
能源存储
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
WASTE MANAGEMENT
·
2020
·
IF 5.448
Jai Kumar,Xing Shen,Bo Li,Huizhou Liu,Junmei Zhao
To recycle the sharply growing spent lithium-ion batteries and alleviate concerns over shortages of resources, particularly Li, is still an urgent issue. In this work, an organic acids based leaching approach at room temperature is proposed to recover Li and FePO 4 from spent LiFePO 4 cathode powder. The coexistent metal ions, Cu and Al, have also been investigated. Citrus fruit juices, rich in organic acids, such as citric acid and malic acid, have been used as leaching agents in this work. Among lemon, orange and apple, lemon juice shows the best leaching effect based on its suitable pH of the reaction system. Under the optimized conditions, the leaching rates of Li, Cu and Al can reach up to 94.83%, 96.92% and 47.24%, while Fe and P remain as low as 4.05% and 0.84%, respectively. Li 2 CO 3 and FePO 4 can be recovered from the leachate and the leaching residue, respectively. The recovered FePO 4 was used to prepare new cathode material LiFePO 4 . The crystalline carbon, present in the spent LiFePO 4 cathode scraps, has a significant effect on the electrochemical performances of the regenerated LiFePO 4 . The regenerated LiFePO 4 cathode material delivered a comparable discharge capacity of 155.3 mAh g −1 at 0.1C and rate capacity to the fresh LiFePO 4 . For the cycling stability, it displays capacity retention of 98.30% over 100 cycles at 1 C with a fading rate of 0.017% per cycle. The proposed organic acids-based recycling strategy is much benign for recycling the spent LiFePO 4 cathode materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2022
·
IF 4.326
Xiang Liu,Mengmeng Wang,Longping Deng,Ya-Jun Cheng,Jie Gao,Yonggao Xia
A huge number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have caused serious problems such as resource waste and environmental pollution. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is one of the major cathode materials in the spent LIBs. It is urgently needed to develop a safe, environmentally friendly, and cost competitive approach to regenerate the LFP cathode collected from the spent LIBs. The nitrate molten salt process has been utilized to regenerate layered cathode materials, which are nevertheless non-compatible with the LFP regeneration process. The LFP crystal lattice will be destroyed during the molten salt process by the oxidative environment, where Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III). A new approach is proposed in this work to tackle this issue, where a low-temperature molten salt process is coupled with a reductive environment to suppress oxidation of Fe(II). In detail, lithium nitrate is used as a molten salt medium and lithium source simultaneously. Sucrose is used as a carbon source to provide a reductive environment. Through a short molten-salt relithiation step at 300 °C and further annealing process at 650 °C, LFP particles with a lithium-deficient and damaged structure can be successfully recovered. The rapid lithium replenishment process exposes more (101) crystal planes facilitating lithium-ion transportation. As a result, the regenerated LFP delivers a specific capacity of 145 mAh g–1 at 0.5C, which is more than a 13% increase relative to the spent LFP and has a better rate performance than pristine LFP at 5C. In addition, we also point out that the LFP is converted to Li3PO4 with the increase in lithium source and the extension of treatment time. This work provides a new promising way to regenerate spent LFP cathodes.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ADVANCED MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 26.8
Jie Tang,Haotian Qu,Chongbo Sun,Xiao Xiao,Haocheng Ji,Junxiong Wang,Junfeng Li,Guanjun Ji,Xuan Zhang,Hui-Ming Cheng,Guangmin Zhou
Lithiation reactions driven by chemical potential offer a promising avenue for directly regenerating degraded lithium iron phosphate (LFP). However, the choice of solution system significantly influences the lithium supplementation where improper selection may result in poor lithium recovery or extremely slow kinetics. Herein, it is identified that the most critical factor affecting solution repair effectiveness is the redox potential of the anions in the solution, which determines whether spent LFP (SLFP) can undergo spontaneous lithiation under ambient conditions. Then, machine learning (ML) is used for prediction and screening of huge potential solution systems, and finally a general strategy is proposed: creating a low redox potential solution system that incorporates anions with either low redox potential or moderate redox potential at high concentrations. As a demonstration, the regenerated LFP by ascorbic acid and LiOH solution systems exhibits a high discharge capacity of 144 mAh g −1 at 1 C, retaining 96% of its capacity after 500 cycles at 5 C. This work establishes an important criteria for designing solution systems to restore degraded LFP, marking a significant advancement in the direct regeneration of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Tianshun Yao,Huan Zhang,Cai Qi,Jun Ma,Zihao Zhou,Quan Sun,Li Song,Yachao Jin,Mingdao Zhang
The exponential growth of electric vehicles (EVs) will lead to the large-scale retirement of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in the future. This work proposes an environmentally friendly solid-phase strategy for regenerating waste LFP cathode materials. The regeneration mechanism is also investigated through characterizations. The method involves lithium supplementation, crystal structure repair and Cu doping. Glucose is used as a reducing agent to reduce a large amount of Fe 3+ in waste LFP to Fe 2+ , while the addition of Li + is used to fill the lithium vacancy in waste LFP. Notably, Cu doping increases the vibrational density and conductivity of the regenerated material and expands the ion diffusion channel, which significantly enhances the electrochemical performance of the regenerated LFP cathode. Moreover, the specific capacity of regenerated LFP (Cu@R-LFP) at 0.05C is 160.15 mAh/g, about 97.65 % of that of new LFP (N-LFP). The capacity retention rate of Cu@R-LFP can be as high as 81.19 % even after 1,000 cycles at 1C rate. The method proposed in this study provides a simple and scalable strategy for recycling waste LFP cathode materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
能源科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
IONICS
·
2024
·Vol. 30
·期 7
·3819-3829
·
IF 2.4
Zhang Caihong,Zhong Yan,Tu Hong,Yang Zhihao,Chen Guangping,Zhu Xinghua
Iron phosphate (FePO 4 ·2H 2 O) has emerged as the mainstream process for the synthesis of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), whereas FePO 4 ·2H 2 O produced by different processes also has a great influence on the performance of LiFePO 4 . In this paper, FePO 4 ·2H 2 O was produced by two different processes, in which FeSO 4 ferrous and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O ferric were used, respectively. After dehydration under the same conditions, a carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 /C) cathode material was synthesized by a high-temperature solid phase method. The results demonstrated that FePO 4 ·2H 2 O contained different impurities due to different raw materials, which led to different particle sizes, specific surface areas, microscopic morphology, and crystal structures. The difference of FePO 4 ·2H 2 O eventually resulted in the difference of LiFePO 4 /C cathode materials in micro-morphology and crystal structure, which affected the electrochemical performance. Under the premise of comprehensively considering the cost and quality of FePO 4 ·2H 2 O, improving the purity of FePO 4 ·2H 2 O is an important method to improve the electrochemical performance of LiFePO 4 /C cathode materials. Simultaneously, it is also expected to provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of lower-cost and better-quality LiFePO 4 /C cathode materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）