Red phosphorus/carbon (P/C) materials have been extensively studied as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their high capacities and moderate working potentials. However, the low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) of P/C composites limit their widespread applications. In this study, we develop an effective presodiation method to compensate for the irreversible sodium loss of the S-doped P/C (P/C@S) anode and yield a thin, uniform, and NaF-rich SEI layer on the presodiated P/C@S (pNa-P/C@S) anode during cycling. Consequently, the pNa-P/C@S anode exhibits a remarkable ICE of 98.7% as well as superior cycling performance and rate capability in the half cell. When pNa-P/C@S anode is coupled with conventional Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , and NaCu 0.12 Ni 0.23 Fe 0.33 Mn 0.33 cathodes, all the full cells demonstrate desirable ICEs (>98%), high energy densities, and excellent cycling performance. The proposed method has been extended to another anode (SnO 2 ) to demonstrate its applicability in fabricating anodes with a high ICE and stable NaF-rich SEI layer.
Excessive stress has deteriorated the energy crisis and environmental problems; therefore, introducing a new rechargeable battery system for large-scale energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs) has become a major concern. Recently, phosphorus (P) anode as one of the promising candidates for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has gained significant attention for safe EVs due to its low cost, high energy density and relatively high lithiation voltage (ca. 0.7 V vs. Li+/Li). However, its flammability, unavoidable side reactions with the electrolyte and large volumetric variation (∼300%) during cycling limit its large-scale employment. Herein, a localized high-concentration flame-retardant LiFSI-based electrolyte has been reported to simultaneously construct an elastic and robust LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) both at the P anode and sulfur cathode. Thus, a new Li3P-sulfur full battery system based on the pre-lithiated P anode and the sulfurized pyrolyzed poly(acrylonitrile) cathode was built, delivering a high capacity retention of 97.1% after 600 cycles at 1 A g−1. This battery system avoids some fatal flaws of the Li–S battery, including Li dendrite formation and thermal instability. This work provides an alternative direction to obtain green and long-life batteries for commercial availability.
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