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South Africa’s Best BARK Medicines Prescribed at the Johannesburg Muthi Markets for Skin, Gut, and Lung Infections: MIC’s and Brine Shrimp Lethality

Gugulethu P. Khumalo,Nicholas J. Sadgrove,Sandy F. Van Vuuren,Ben-Erik Van Wyk

Indigenous trade of medicinal plants in South Africa is a multi-million-rand industry and is still highly relevant in terms of primary health care. The purpose of this study was to identify today’s most traded medicinal barks, traditionally and contemporaneously used for dermatological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract infections; then, to investigate the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the respective extracts and interpret outcomes in light of pharmacokinetics. Thirty-one popularly traded medicinal barks were purchased from the Faraday and Kwa Mai-Mai markets in Johannesburg, South Africa. Information on the medicinal uses of bark-based medicines in modern commerce was recorded from randomly selected traders. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was used for antimicrobial screening, and brine shrimp lethality was used to determine toxicity. New medicinal uses were recorded for 14 bark species. Plants demonstrating some broad-spectrum activities against tested bacteria includeElaeodendron transvaalense,Erythrina lysistemon,Garcinia livingstonei,Pterocelastrus rostratus,Rapanea melanophloeos,Schotia brachypetala,Sclerocarya birrea, andZiziphus mucronata. The lowest MIC value of 0.004 mg/mL was observed againstStaphylococcus epidermidisfor a dichloromethane bark extract ofE. lysistemon. The tested medicinal barks were shown to be non-toxic against theArtemia nauplii(brine shrimp) bioassay, except for a methanol extract fromTrichilia emetica(69.52% mortality). Bacterial inhibition of bark extracts with minimal associated toxicity is consistent with the safety and valuable use of medicinal barks for local muthi market customers. Antimicrobial outcomes against skin and gastrointestinal pathogens are feasible because mere contact-inhibition is required in vivo; however, MIC values against respiratory pathogens require further explaining from a pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics perspective, particularly for ingested rather than smoked therapies.Keywords:bark;antibacterial;traditional medicine;Zulu;brine shrimp lethality