ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2025
·
IF 8.2
Zhao-Yun Wang,Li-Xin Yu,Yu-Qing Feng,Lei Jin,Jia-Qiang Yang,Yi Zhao,Tao Song,DongPing Zhan,Daquan Yu,Fang-Zu Yang,Shi-Gang Sun
Leveler is the key additive for achieving microvia void-free filling in the high-density integration of electronic components for miniaturization, lightweighting, and intelligent development of electronic devices. Traditional organic levelers are mostly quaternary ammonium salts and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. In this study, thiosemicarbazide (TA) and 1-phenyl 2-thiourea (PTA), which are the thioamino compounds with different substituents of amino and phenyl, are used for the first time as levelers for microvia filling in an acidic copper sulfate bath of Cu electroplating (Cu-EP). The results demonstrate that only the PTA, when used as the leveler in combination with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the suppressor and bis(sodium sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS) as the accelerator, can achieve microvia void-free filling. Chronopotentiometric analyses reveal that both TA and PTA accelerate the reduction of cupric ions. The accelerator of SPS with TA synergistically enhances accelerating effect, while with PTA, it behaves with competitive adsorption to weaken this effect. The suppressor of PEG can cooperate with PTA to show a strong inhibiting effect on cupric ion reduction but presents competitive adsorption with TA, weakening the inhibiting effect of PEG. Under such complex interactions of these additives, it has been found that only the combination of PTA, SPS, and PEG exhibits convection-dependent adsorption behavior, which results in a more negative reduction potential of cupric ions at the mouth of the microvia than that at the bottom of the microvia, indicating a theoretical feasibility of achieving microvia void-free filling. Cyclic voltammetry experiments further demonstrate that the PTA can accelerate the reduction of cupric ions, but this acceleration effect is weakened by SPS due to competitive adsorption. PTA synergizes with PEG to greatly enhance the inhibiting effect on cupric ions reduction. According to electrochemical properties and interactions of the additives, the essence of the PTA-based acidic Cu sulfate bath for achieving microvia void-free filling is elucidated through electroplating simulations. When the three additives coexist, the adsorption coverage of PTA–PEG gradually decreases from the mouth to the bottom. As PTA–PEG exhibits a synergistic inhibition effect, such a gradient significantly inhibits Cu deposition at the mouth; simultaneously, the adsorption coverage of SPS, which behaves with an accelerating effect, gradually increases from the mouth to the bottom, facilitating the reduction of cupric ions at the bottom. The dual gradient effects enable the microvia void-free filling.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
·
电子器件
·
表面工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
·
2018
·
IF 3.891
Yaran Yin,Chunying Zhu,Rongwei Guo,Taotao Fu,Youguang Ma
The dynamics of the gas-liquid two-phase flow are of great significance for the heat and mass transfer performance in a microreactor. In this paper, the flow pattern, void fraction and frictional pressure drop of gas-liquid two-phase flow of CO 2 and MEA/[Bmim][BF 4 ] aqueous solution accompanied by the chemical reaction in a 400 μm square microchannel were investigated experimentally by a high-speed camera and pressure sensor. Three kinds of flow regimes were observed: slug-bubbly flow, slug flow and slug-annular flow. The void fraction and frictional pressure drop in the slug flow regime were mainly investigated, and the applicability of models without consideration of the mass transfer proposed in the literature was assessed. Considering the effect of chemical absorption, two correlations were proposed with the Hatta number for predicting the two-phase void fraction and Chisholm parameter C , which showed good prediction performance.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
传热与传质
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2022
·
IF 16.744
Zhe Qiu,Fanjun Yu,Dan Xu,Zengbin Wang,Junya Huang,Shuo Wang,Yanxiao Yang,Yonggui Wang,Jian Li,Zefang Xiao,Yanjun Xie,Kai Zhang
Water-transport based on biomimetic self-propelled directional water transport materials have attracted wide attention but are limited by low transport speed, costly and complicated preparation, and scaling difficulty. By retaining native cellulose microfibril structure within wood cell walls and their controlled shrinkage, we constructed a self-propelling directionally water transporting wood (SDTW) by reshaping the cell wall to generate robust capillary forces due to aligned longitudinal hierarchical wood cell structures. Hierarchical structures containing directional parallel macro- and micro-sized ridge-groove structures and creating nano-voids are fabricated. They are further intactly fixed after reaction with maleic anhydride to improve the dimensional stability and environmental durability without changing the hydrophilicity on surface. Resulting SDTW exhibited an ultrafast water transport speed of 200.4 mm/s (∼260 % of Nepenthes alata showing a fast speed of 78 mm/s as a native structure) and water absorbing rate of 1.15 × 10 5 L/m 2 /h (over 4200-fold higher than that of natural wood). With these ultrafast water transport characters, SDTW was used as water manipulating systems for fast bottom to up transportation of liquid water at a rate of 193.5 mm/s, and as high fog harvesting system with an efficiency of 10.6 g/cm 2 /h. With its facility, durability, scalability, and sustainability, the SDTW demonstrates a new class of sustainable wood-based materials for practical water manipulation applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
仿生学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 8.4
Xiaojuan Wang,Hanjing Xue,Houkang Pu,Huacheng Xu,Yijun Huang,Xinyan Wang,Congjie Gao,Xueli Gao
The cosolvent-assisted interfacial polymerization (CAIP) has garnered significant attention due to its capacity to easily and effectively modify the performance of polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. To gain deeper understanding of the mechanism of a specific type of cosolvents on the IP reaction, namely N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and N,N-dimethylpropionamide (DMPr) were used as aqueous-phase cosolvents to systematically investigate their effects on the membrane structures and properties under different conditions. Amide cosolvents in the aqueous phase facilitated the diffusion of the amine monomer and the formation of nanovoids within the PA layer as the C-chain length of amides increased. When 1,2-dichloroethane was also included in the organic phase, the extent of the two-phase miscible zone was further increased with its assistance, which contributed to generating the larger nanovoids within the layer, thicker PA layer and extensive exterior PA layers, as well as significantly enhancing the water permeability and selectivity of membranes. Importantly, this study successfully prepared high-performance RO membranes with multilayer nanovoid structures in situ by introducing cosolvents in the IP reaction with permeability up to 2.26 L·m −2 ·h −1 ·bar −1 , providing theoretical and experimental bases for further enrichment of CAIP.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 8.4
Xiaojuan Wang,Houkang Pu,Hanjing Xue,Huacheng Xu,Yijun Huang,Xinyan Wang,Congjie Gao,Xueli Gao
The robust correlation between the performance of thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis membranes and the polyamide (PA) active layer determines the necessity of precise design of the PA layer, and this regulation primarily involves the surface morphology and internal characteristics of the PA layer. In this study, we fabricated honeycomb Turing structure or nanovoid-rich TFC series membranes using polar/nonpolar organic phase additives. Characterization and simulation results confirmed that the enhancement of membrane performance relied more on the abundant nanovoids within the PA layer rather than the ordered honeycomb lattice surface. Notably, the TFC-nDCE membrane with multilayer nanovoids exhibited an approximately 89 % improvement in water permeability while maintaining satisfactory salt rejection (98.29 %). We emphasized the significant role of nanovoids in the diffusion process of amine monomers and investigated the potential relationship between nanovoids and the degree of surface cross-linking. Building upon this, a new insight into the formation of nanovoids induced by PA anisotropic growth was presented through a careful analysis of the amine monomer diffusion rate and the morphological evolution of nanovoids. The structure-property relationship between internal structures, surface morphologies, and performances was systematically and thoroughly investigated, pointing out the direction for the rational design of TFC membranes .
研究领域:
材料科学
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膜技术
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Chemistry
·
2022
·
IF 13.599
Yu Ye,Xinyan Ye,Haoxian Zhu,Juncao Bian,Haibin Lin,Jinlong Zhu,Yusheng Zhao
Solid-state lithium-metal batteries, with their high theoretical energy density and safety, are highly promising as a next-generation battery contender. Among the alternatives proposed as solid-state electrolyte, lithium-rich anti-perovskite (LiRAP) materials have drawn the most interest because of high theoretical Li + conductivity, low cost and easy processing. Although solid-state electrolytes are believed to have the potential to physically inhibit the lithium dendrite growth, lithium-metal batteries still suffer from the lithium dendrite growth and thereafter the short circuiting. The voids in practical LiRAP pellets are considered as the root cause. Herein, we show that reducing the voids can effectively suppress the lithium dendrite growth. The voids in the pellet resulted in an irregular Li + flux distribution and a poor interfacial contact with lithium metal anode; and hence the ununiform lithium dendrites. Consequently, the lithium-metal symmetric cell with void-reduced Li 2 OHCl-HT pellet was able to display excellent cycling performance (750 h at 0.4 mA cm −2 ) and stability at high current density (0.8 mA cm −2 for 120 h). This study provides not only experimental evidence for the impact of the voids in LiRAP pellets on the lithium dendrite growth, but also a rational pellet fabrication approach to suppress the lithium dendrite growth.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
·
2013
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IF 4.675
Bin Zhang,Yibo Zhang,Zhenzhen Miao,Tianxiao Wu,Zhendong Zhang,Xiangguang Yang
Two kinds of Co 3 O 4 samples with micro/nano-structure as high capacity anode materials for Lithium-ion Batteries are synthesized by a facile method. The structure, composition and surface morphology are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. The XRD data indicates that the two Co 3 O 4 materials are crystalline, single-phase without any impurity phase; the size of spheres and cubes are estimated to be 2 μm and the nanoparticles are around 100 nm. The cyclic voltammetry and discharge/charge measurements are carried out to detect the electrochemical properties . The results demonstrate that the two Co 3 O 4 electrodes with micro/nano-structure exhibit low initial irreversible capacity and superior cycling performance. The two Co 3 O 4 materials with micro/nano-structure are confirmed to combine the advantages of the micro-materials and nano-materials for LIBs. Moreover, the Co 3 O 4 spheres (s-Co 3 O 4 ) exhibit more superior cycling performance than that of Co 3 O 4 cubes (c-Co 3 O 4 ) due to the larger void volume in spheres than that in cubes structure.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
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IF 8.1
Detao Li,Zichen Ning,Zhuoshan Gong,Limin Zhou,Li Xu,Hamza Shehzad,Yan Zhao,Heng Jerry,Jinbo Ouyang
Design of natural product cocrystals and its formation mechanism are of great significance importance to the development of fields such as medicine, food, cosmetics, and agriculture. In this research, alkaloids (theophylline, theobromine) and polyhydroxy natural products (quercetin, resveratrol, naringin) were selected as the research subjects. Through competitive cocrystal experiments, the study explored the stability differences among different cocrystals. Based on theoretical calculations, the study determined the hydrogen bonds and π-π bonds within the crystals were identified. Combined with cocrystal structure analysis, we discussed the influence of hydrogen bonding networks and π-π stacking modes on cocrystal stability. According to these results, the study correlated the cocrystal stability with void level, establishing the void formula to predict the stability between different cocrystals. Additionally, it summarized the structural unit cell model of natural product cocrystals, revealing formation mechanism of cocrystals, and intuitively demonstrating effect of intermolecular interactions on stability of crystal. Finally, we proposed the stability law, establishing a close connection between intermolecular interactions, void level, and cocrystal stability, providing a theoretical basis for exploring relationship between cocrystal microstructure and stability.
研究领域:
药学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
NANOTECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·Vol. 32
·期 8
·085403
·
IF 3.551
Chaoye Zhu,Yao Zhang,Zhihong Ma,Hui Wang,Gunnar L Sly
Silicon is a promising anode for new-generation lithium ion batteries due to high theoretical lithium storage capacity (4200 mAh g−1). However, the low conductivity and large volumetric expansion hamper the commercialization of the silicon anode. In this case, we present a yolk-void-shell Si–C anode (denoted as Si@Void@C), which is synthesized through nano-Si oxidation, surface carbonization and etching of SiOx. The void can be fabricated only by the self-generation and etching of SiOx layer on the Si surface, without the help of template materials. Moreover, the void size can be adjusted only by means of the annealing temperature, which can be easily and precisely operated. The Si@Void@C/rGO with void size of 5 nm offers a discharge capacity of 1294 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1. These enhanced performances can be ascribed to an appropriate size (5 nm) of void space which sufficiently accommodates the silicon volume expansion and stabilizes the carbon shell. At the same time, the voids effectively inhibit the growth of the solid electrolyte interface layer by depressing the decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of Si in Si@Void@C/rGO. Furthermore, interfaces between Si@Void@C particles and rGO sheets construct bridges for electrons' conduction. In general, the present work provides a viable strategy for synthesizing silicon–carbon anode materials with long life.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2014
·
IF 4.086
Lu Yue,Wenhui Zhang,Jingfeng Yang,Lingzhi Zhang
A novel Si/porous-C composite with buffering voids was prepared by the co-assembly of phenol-formaldehyde resin, SiO 2 and Si nanoparticles , followed by a carbonizing process and subsequent removal of SiO 2 template. Si nanoparticle was coated with a layer of porous carbon shell with rationally designed void in between which provides the accommodating space for the volume change of Si over cycling. The as-prepared composite electrode exhibited good electrochemical performances as an anode material in lithium-ion cells, showing a stable reversible capacity of 980 mAh g −1 over 80 cycles with small capacity fade of 0.17%/cycle and high rate capability (721 mAh g −1 at 2000 mA g −1 ).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Ruochen Liu,Jiawei Xu,Tianxiang Hu,Xiang Li,Kongxiang Wang,Qi Huang,Zhongtao Duan,Hong Liu,Weifan Qian,Haiting Zhou,Chunxiao Cong,Xiaofei Yue,Hong Zhang,Fengxian Xie
Utilizing textured fluorine-doped tin oxides (FTO) as transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrates is advantageous for capturing incident light, thereby enhancing the power photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the roughness of these substrates and uncontrolled nucleation often results in voids at the perovskite-buried surface, leading to insufficient charge extraction and serving as degradation initiation points. This study introduces ( S )-3-amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)butyric acid hydrochloride (AbaCl), which binds to FTO through its anchor group (–COOH) at the deficient regions of MeO-4PACz. Moreover, the chlorine end molecules offer active sites for nucleation by forming halogen bonds with undercoordinated iodide ions (I − ). AbaCl also interacts with formamidinium (FA + ) in perovskite precursor solution via hydrogen bonding, promoting crystallization at the buried interface. Consequently, nucleation at this buried interface becomes preferential, ensuring bottom-up growth and preventing voids formation due to incomplete solvent evaporation, allowing the perovskite layer to conformally adhere to the substrate without gaps. As a result, the AbaCl-treated inverted PSCs achieved a champion PCE of 24.50 % and exhibited enhanced operational stability. This work presents a method for conformally growing perovskite films on textured substrates to produce efficient and stable PSCs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
·
2023
·
IF 9.5
Feng Gao,Honglin Liu,Yue Zhang,Demin Liu,Zhihui Xie,Wanxin Peng,Yuchen Song,Ran Hu,Dandan Chen,Jian Kang,Ruizhang Xu,Ya Cao,Ming Xiang
Stripe patterned nanofiltration (NF) membranes were established via sulfonated polyether sulfone nanoparticles (SPES NPs) regulated interfacial polymerization. The nanoparticle was prepared by nonsolvent-induced phase separation to serve as a regulator, confining piperazine (PIP) diffusion towards organic phase through chemical affinity and steric effect. Consequently, intensive stripes in nanoscale have emerged and were uniformly distributed throughout the membrane. The internal characteristics of the structure were observed and revealed distinguishable ordered voids at the bottom of the polyamide (PA) layer. The generation and evolution, from the conventional nodular structures to stripe patterns, were investigated by optimizing the thickness of pristine NF membranes and incorporating different concentrations of SPES NPs. The resultant SPES-1.0@NFM-II with a distinctive morphology of interconnected labyrinthine networks on top and bottom surfaces of PA active layer, exhibited significant enhancement in water permeance (23.04 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 , versus 12.15 L m −2 h −1 bar −1 of conventional NFM-II) while maintaining excellent divalent salt rejection (99.42% for Na 2 SO 4 ).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）