Journal of Ginseng Research
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2021
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IF 6.06
Na Zhang,Xin Huang,Yun-Long Guo,Hao Yue,Chang-Bao Chen,Shu-Ying Liu
Background Dried and red ginseng are well-known types of processed ginseng and are widely used as healthy food. The dried and red ginseng quality may vary with the storage period of raw ginseng. Therefore, herein, the effect of the storage period of fresh ginseng on processed ginseng quality was evaluated through multicomponent quantification with statistical analysis. Methods A method based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (UPLC-MRM-MS) was developed for quantitation of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in dried and red ginseng. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were conducted to evaluate the dynamic distributions of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides after different storage periods. Results Eighteen PPD, PPT and OLE ginsenosides and nine reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides were identified and quantified. With storage period extension, the ginsenoside content in the processed ginseng increased slightly in the first 2 weeks and decreased gradually in the following 9 weeks. The content of reducing oligosaccharides decreased continuously as storage time extending, while that of the nonreducing oligosaccharides increased. Chemical conversions occurred during storage, based on which potential chemical markers for the storage period evaluation of fresh ginseng were screened. Conclusion According to ginsenoside and oligosaccharide distributions, it was found that the optimal storage period was 2 weeks and that the storage period of fresh ginseng should not exceed 4 weeks at 0 °C. This study provides deep insights into the quality control of processed ginseng and comprehensive factors for storage of raw ginseng.
研究领域:
药用植物学
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食品科学
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中药学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
·
2024
·
IF 2.9
Wang Jin,Ren Qiao,Zhou Houqin,He Chenghao,Huang Qinwan
Red ginseng, a processed product of ginseng, has been shown to possess various pharmacological effects. To investigate the changes in ginsenosides during the processing of ginseng into red ginseng and to visualize their spatial distribution characteristics in tissues, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to detect and identify the extracts of ginseng and red ginseng. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to visually analyze the spatial distribution and temporal changes of prototype ginsenosides and their metabolites in ginseng. The UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS results showed the identification of 42 major ginsenosides in both ginseng and red ginseng. Additionally, PCA and OPLS-DA analyses identified the processing-related markers for ginseng and red ginseng. During the processing of ginseng into red ginseng, the content of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides decreased (Rb1, Rc, Rd, etc.), while the types and content of rare ginsenosides increased (Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, etc.). The MALDI-MSI tissue distribution results demonstrated that ginsenosides in ginseng were mainly distributed in the cambium and phloem, while the processing led to the transformation of ginsenosides and an increase in distribution in the xylem and medulla. This study comprehensively reveals the chemical diversity and dynamic transformation patterns during the processing of ginseng, providing more substantial foundational information for research on red ginseng processing techniques. The transformation of these rare ginsenosides also indicates that ginseng is more beneficial for pharmacological applications such as anti-tumor, anti-allergic, and liver protection after being processed into red ginseng. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
药用植物学
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分析化学
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中药学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Processes
·
2024
·Vol. 12
·期 5
·1035
·
IF 2.8
Audrey Zahra,Virginia Ghita Firsty,Soo-Jeong Shin
Red ginseng extract is one of the most widely used herbal medicines to prevent and cure various diseases. Among the processed products derived from red ginseng, the water-insoluble part as red ginseng residual (RGR) becomes waste, even though it contains important ingredients. TEMPO-oxidation (TO) can be used as a pre-treatment with different degrees of oxidation (DO) (0 to 0.4) in red ginseng residual (RGR-TO) by introducing chemical oxidation and high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) as a nanofibrillation process.1H NMR was used to determine the carbohydrate composition and calculate DO, size was examined using a nanoparticle analyzer, and the zeta potential was used to determine surface charge density. RGR-TO with different concentrations had different compositions; glucose and uronic acid were the main ingredients. All treated RGR-TO showed higher oxidant levels than the untreated counterpart (RGR-TO 0). As the oxidant levels increased, the zeta potential and uronic acid increased, but the size of the nanofibril from RGR-TO decreased. The results of this study showed that TEMPO-oxidation pretreatment was effective in producing RGR cellulose nanofibril (CNF) with a variety of properties by adjusting the level of oxidation pretreatment and the number of HPH passes.
研究领域:
植物化学
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药用植物学
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纳米材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Spectroscopy
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2022
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IF 1.75
Shubao Pan,Huo Zhang,Zhi Li,Tao Chen,Xianhua Yin
This paper introduces a method to detect the content of sucrose, an adulterant of red ginseng, based on terahertz spectroscopy. Experiments were carried out on red ginseng with 6 levels of adulterated concentrations using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). We separately extracted the information of the terahertz spectral curve by principal component analysis (PCA) and Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination (MCUVE) and then separately performed quantitative analysis by partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR). Because the nonlinear line factor in the terahertz spectral curve of red ginseng samples is considered, the MCUVE-SVR has high correlation coefficient (>0.99) and ratio prediction to deviation (>7.4), low root means square error of deviation (<1.2%), and Bias (<0.05%). The results prove that MCUVE-SVR can be regarded as an ideal quantitative analysis method in the detection of sucrose incorporation in red ginseng by terahertz spectroscopy.
研究领域:
中药学
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光谱分析
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食品检测
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Ginseng Research
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2019
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IF 4.029
Lele Li,Li Ma,Yunlong Guo,Wenlong Liu,Yang Wang,Shuying Liu
Background The reports about valuable oligosaccharides in ginseng are quite limited. There is an urgent need to develop a practical procedure to detect and analyze ginseng oligosaccharides. Methods The oligosaccharide extracts from ginseng were permethylated by solid-phase methylation method and then were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-Q-Orbitrap/MS. The sequence, linkage, and configuration information of oligosaccharides were determined by using accurate m/z value and tandem mass information. Several standard references were used to further confirm the identification. The oligosaccharide composition in white ginseng and red ginseng was compared using a multivariate statistical analysis method. Results The nonreducing oligosaccharide erlose among 12 oligosaccharides identified was reported for the first time in ginseng. In the comparison of the oligosaccharide extracts from white ginseng and red ginseng, a clear separation was observed in the partial least squares-discriminate analysis score plot, indicating the sugar differences in these two kinds of ginseng samples. The glycans with variable importance in the projection value large than 1.0 were considered to contribute most to the classification. The contents of oligosaccharides in red ginseng were lower than those in white ginseng, and the contents of maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, maltooctaose, maltononaose, sucrose, and erlose decreased significantly ( p < 0.05) in red ginseng. Conclusion A solid-phase methylation method combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was successfully applied to analyze the oligosaccharides in ginseng extracts, which provides the possibility for holistic evaluation of ginseng oligosaccharides. The comparison of oligosaccharide composition of white ginseng and red ginseng could help understand the differences in pharmacological activities between these two kinds of ginseng samples from the perspective of glycans.
研究领域:
植物化学
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分析化学
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药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
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2025
·Vol. 90
·期 1
·e70015
·
IF 3.4
Jingxuan Yang,Yi Wu,Ziye Jiang,Lili Jiao,Yang Wang
This study aimed to investigate the potential hypoglycemic mechanism of red ginseng acidic polysaccharides (RGAP) from the perspective of fatty acid (FA) regulation. A high-glucose/high-fat diet in conjunction with streptozotocin administration was employed to establish type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat models, and their fecal FAs were detected using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. RGAP treatment alleviated the polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia observed in T2DM rats. FA profile was disturbed by T2DM modeling, and 11 marker FAs were selected from statistical analysis, whose intensities were reversely changed by RGAP administration. Among these marker FAs, short-chain FAs were negatively correlated with the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, while positive correlations were observed between long-chain FA and the FBG level. Combined with the metabolite-enzyme-gene network analysis, we inferred that the mechanistic mechanism RGAP on T2DM may be associated with the regulation of FA metabolism and inflammation-related signaling pathways. This study confirmed the regulatory effect of RGAP on fecal FA, which can provide a scientific basis and new ideas for developing red ginseng as a functional food for supplementary treatment of T2DM.
研究领域:
营养学
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代谢组学
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药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
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2021
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IF 9.381
Jie Liu,Hong-da Wang,Fei-fei Yang,Bo-xue Chen,Xue Li,Qing-xia Huang,Jing Li,Xiang-yan Li,Zheng Li,He-shui Yu,De-an Guo,Wen-zhi Yang
The role of polysaccharides in quality control of ginseng is underestimated. Large-scale comparison on the polysaccharides of Panax ginseng (PG), P. quinquefolius (PQ), P. notoginseng (PN), Red ginseng (RG), P. japonicus (ZJS), and P. japonicus var. major (ZZS), was performed by both chemical and biological approaches. Holistic fingerprinting at polysaccharide and the hydrolyzed oligosaccharide and monosaccharide levels utilized various chromatography methods, while OGD and OGD/R models on H9c2 cells were introduced to evaluate the protective effects on cell viability and mitochondrial function. Polysaccharides from six ginseng species exhibited remarkable content difference (RG > PG/ZZS/ZJS/PQ > PN), but weak differentiations in molecular weight distribution and oligosaccharide profiles, while Glc and GalA were richer for monosaccharide compositions of PG and RG polysaccharides, respectively. RG polysaccharides (25/50/100 μg/mL) showed significant cardiomyocyte protection by regulating mitochondrial functions. These new evidences may provide support for the supplementary role of polysaccharides in quality control of ginseng.
研究领域:
药用植物学
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药物化学
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细胞生物学
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药理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY
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2022
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IF 3.889
Feng-guo Zhai,Qi-chao Liang,Yi-yan Wu,Jia-qi Liu,Jia-wei Liu
Context Red ginseng polysaccharide (RGP) is an active component of the widely used medicinal plant Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), which has displayed promising activities against cancer cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of RGP in ferroptosis is still unknown.Objective This study evaluates the effects of RGP in cancer cells.Materials and methods A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells were used. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 assay after being treated with RGP at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 μg/mL at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. Lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed by C11-BODIPY assay. The control group was treated with PBS.Results RGP inhibited human A549 (IC50: 376.2 μg/mL) or MDA-MB-231(IC50: 311.3 μg/mL) proliferation and induced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, promoted ferroptosis and suppressed the expression of GPX4. Moreover, the effects of RGP were enhanced by the ferroptosis inducer erastin, while abolished by ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1.Discussion and conclusions Our study is the first to demonstrate (1) the anticancer activity of RGP in human lung cancer and breast cancer. (2) RGP presented the anti-ferroptosis effects in lung and breast cancer cells via targeting GPX4.
研究领域:
肿瘤学
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药理学
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细胞生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Food Bioscience
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2025
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IF 5.9
Jialing Cao,Rong Tsao,Cheng Yang,Yun Wang,Lianfu Zhang
Red ginseng has been used to ameliorate erectile dysfunction (ED), a common age-related male reproductive disorder, though the active constituents responsible for this effect remain unclear. Arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG) and arginyl-fructose (FA), are two arginine-derived Amadori compounds formed via Maillard reaction during red ginseng processing. An optimized vacuum dehydration method yielded 64.58% and 87.95%, respectively for AFG and FA, a significant increase compared to previous reported best results. In D-galactose-induced aging ED rats, the prepared AFG and FA significantly improved erectile function by reducing fibrosis and alleviating oxidative stress in the penile corpus cavernosum (PCC), alongside up-regulation of the eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathway within PCC. AFG and FA co-administration with 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 further enhanced the efficacy. These findings identify AFG and FA as key bioactives mediating the ED-improving effects of red ginseng and provide novel insights for red ginseng-based functional food development.
研究领域:
生药学
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天然产物化学
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衰老研究
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泌尿学
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功能食品
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Functional Foods
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2023
·
IF 5.6
Lei Men,Ziyu Wang,Meng Gou,Zhongyu Li,Wei Li,Chunbin Li,Keke Li,Xiaojie Gong
Arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG) is one of the typical active non-saponins in red ginseng. This study investigates the hepatoprotective effects of AFG against acute liver injury (ALI) induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. A metabolomics study was performed to clarify the hepatoprotective effect mechanisms of AFG on ALI. Eight metabolites were identified in the liver samples as potential biomarkers responsible for the hepatoprotective effect of AFG. The pathway analysis showed that the hepatoprotective effects of AFG were associated with amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress. Amino acid quantitative results revealed that Hyp, Harg, Aad, β-Ala, and Abu significantly changed after the pretreatment with AFG. In addition, AFG pre-treatment attenuated the upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1, and enhanced the expression level of Mrp2 in liver. These results has demonstrated a promising hepatoprotective of AFG for ALI, and AFG is expected to become a functional food with hepatoprotective effect.
研究领域:
药理学
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代谢组学
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肝病学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2023
·
IF 8.2
Jie Liu,Xue Li,Jing-wen Guo,Bo-xue Chen,He Sun,Jia-qi Huang,Ying Hu,Xiao-yan Xu,Mei-ting Jiang,Xiu-mei Gao,Wen-zhi Yang,Qi-long Wang,De-an Guo
Ginseng is rich of polysaccharides, however, the evidence supporting polysaccharides to distinguish various ginseng species is rarely reported. Focusing on six root ginseng ( e.g. , Panax ginseng - PG , P. quinquefolius - PQ , P. notoginseng - PN , red ginseng- RG , P. japonicus - PJ , and P. japonicus var. major - PJM ), the contained non-starch polysaccharides (NPs) were structurally characterized and compared by both the chemical and biological evaluation. Holistic fingerprinting at three levels (the NPs and the acid hydrolysates involving oligosaccharides and monosaccharides) utilized various chromatography methods, and the treatment of H9c2 cells with the NPs by OGD and H 2 O 2 -induced injury models was used to assess the protective effect. NPs from six Panax herbal medicines occupied about 20 % of the total polysaccharides, which were of the highest content in RG and the lowest in PN. NPs from six ginseng exhibited weak differentiations in the molecular weight distribution, while marker oligosaccharides were found to distinguish PN and RG from the others. Glc and GalA were more abundant in the NPs for PG and RG, respectively. NPs from PQ (100/200 μg/mL) showed significant cardiomyocyte protection effect by regulating the mitochondrial functions. This work further testifies the role of polysaccharides in quality control of herbal medicine, with new markers discovered beneficial to distinguish the ginseng.
研究领域:
药理学
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生物化学
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药物化学
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中药学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 5.4
Xu Zhang,Xiaotong Wang,Rui Shi,Xiaoku Ran,Xiahong He,Deqiang Dou
Ethnopharmacological relevance Red ginseng (RG), a processed product of ginseng (GS), is a generally used qi -tonifying medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). According to the TCM principle, RG is also generally applied to spleen-deficiency syndrome (SDS) clinically for its warmer property. However, the effective substances and mechanism of RG on SDS have not been well investigated. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to explore the effective substances and their mechanism of RG on SDS. Materials and methods The SDS model was established with a compound factor method involving an irregular diet, excessive fatigue and sennae folium with a bitter-cold property. The medicine of RG was split by multi-mode separation methods and analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The appearance indexes such as body weight, body temperature, swimming endurance, urine output, and water content of fecal were determined. The biochemical indexes such as D-xylose, SP , VIP and AChE in the digestive system, CRH, ACTH, CORT, E, T3, T4, T, E2 and 5-HT in the endocrine system, CS, NCR , IDH1 , COX and Na + -K + -ATPase in the metabolism of substance and energy, cAMP and cGMP in the cyclic nucleotide system were analyzed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and biochemical kits. The serum metabolites were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Furthermore, the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and headspace gas chromatography-mass method. Results The pharmacological experiments showed that total saponin fraction (RGTSF), less polar fraction (RGLPF), and polysaccharides faction (RGPSF) significantly modulated the “brain-gut” axis-related indexes (the levels of VIP, AChE, and 5-HT). Besides, RGTSF also significantly modulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related indexes as well as the substance and energy metabolism-related indexes (the levels of ACTH, CORT, A, Na + -K + -ATPase, COX, NCR and CS). RGPSF also significantly modulated the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis-related indexes (the levels of T3 and T4). Secondly, metabolomics indicated that RGTSF could significantly regulate the abnormal metabolic pathways associated with the development of SDS, which involved steroid hormone biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Subsequently, the study of gut microbiota indicated that RGLPF could increase the diversities of the gut microbiota and the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rats with SDS, while RGWEF significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes . At the genus level, RGLPF could increase the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in rats with SDS and decrease that of Akkermansia . Meanwhile, the water-eluted fraction (RGWEF) showed a stronger regulation in SCFAs. Conclusion It is for the first time that the effective substances of red ginseng on spleen-deficiency syndrome were studied systematically, and the different mechanisms of the RG fractions involved in substance and energy metabolism as well as the “brain-gut” axis were revealed. The present study demonstrated that RGTSF, RGPSF, and RGLPF were the effective substances of red ginseng for ameliorating spleen-deficiency syndrome, indicating that ginsenosides composed of primary and secondary saponins as well as polysaccharides were the main effective substances for red ginseng in ameliorating spleen-deficiency syndrome.
研究领域:
民族药理学
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中医药学
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药理学
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代谢组学
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微生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）