Yan Yan Lin,Min Xing Zhang,Miao Sun,Lu Sheng Wan,You Zhou,Jing Sheng Chen
Tribolium castaneum is recognized as one of the most significant global pests affecting stored grains. Due to their general safety, essential oil (EO)-based biopesticides have garnered increasing interest worldwide. To provide a more rapid and objective method for the identification of individual components with potential fumigants from EOs, a GC-MS-based metabolomics strategy was applied in this study. Five EOs— Eucalyptus globulus , Dendranthema indicum , Cinnamomum cassia , Pinus massoniana , and Cinnamomum camphora —demonstrated remarkable toxicity, achieving corrected mortality rates exceeding 90% against Tribolium castaneum . A total of 41 potential fumigants were screened, with 21 of these identified potential fumigants corroborated by existing literature or preliminarily bioassay experiments. Key components included (−)-myrtenol, β-pinene, p -cymene, γ-terpinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, and α-terpinene. These findings not only highlight promising EO-based fumigants against Tribolium castaneum but also provide lead compounds for future structural optimization. Additionally, this discovery strategy serves as a valuable reference for similar studies in natural products and biopesticides.
Recent works have generally indicated that insects exhibit two immune response strategies: external and internal immune defense. However, the immune-related trade-offs and physiological regulatory mechanisms in red palm weevil , a major invasive pest , remain unclear. Based on postinfection survivorship experiments, we initially measured baseline constitutive external immunity (antibacterial activity of external secretions) and internal immunity (phenoloxidase and antibacterial activity of hemolymph) in uninfected individuals. Then, we challenged the individual immune system and examined subsequent investment in immune function. Our data showed that multiple factors (instar, age, sex, mating status, immune treatment) interacted to affect immune components and infection outcomes, but the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. Although immune senescence is a common phenomenon in which immune function decreases with age, different components of the immune system changed differentially. Notably, mating activity may impose an immunity-related cost, with some evidence of sexual dimorphism and age-associated differences. Finally, parameters related to life-history traits usually decreased temporarily because of increased immunity, suggesting that the ultimate consequences of immune function fitness may be physiologically traded off with other fitness aspects, including growth, development, mating, reproduction, and longevity. These results reveal the complex factors that impact immunity as well as the physiological regulation of individual immunity, which may determine the evolution and outcome of immune senescence and trade-offs.
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