Recent years have witnessed the great development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as a platform for the analytical processes in many fields, which includes pharmaceutical analysis, immunoassay, DNA analysis as well as clinical analysis. Herein, a novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor was fabricated for ultrasensitive detection of atropine based on Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /carbon nanospheres/Nafion composite film. The carbon nanospheres (CNPs) in composite film were obtained through a hydrothermal method. Then, electrochemical and ECL behaviors of the proposed sensor were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the constructed atropine sensor showed a wide linear range from 0.5 to 250 μM with a detection limit of 0.17 μM (at signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Moreover, the results indicated that the CNPs-based ECL sensor exhibited excellent sensitivity and favorable stability, which might be ascribed to the high surface area and the good electrical conductivity of CNPs. Furthermore, the ECL sensor was applied for the determination of atropine in atropine sulfate injection samples and displayed a desirable result. The proposed ECL sensor could be easily obtained and be promising used for drug assay.
A novel dual-sensitization electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor for the detection of tumour protein prostate specific antigen (PSA) at trace level using Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -doped chitosan/SiO 2 nanoparticles (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /chitosan/SiO 2 NPs) as the first signal enhancers was fabricated. Due to chitosan with excellent pore forming capacity, these nanoparticles possess porous structures and better photopermeability, and therefore have higher luminescence efficiencies compared with Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /SiO 2 NPs reported in previous publications. Conversely, chitosan with good biocompatibility and high hydrophilicity was electrochemically decorated onto a Nafion/multiwall carbon nanotubes (Nafion/MWNTs) modified electrode surface and used as the second sensitizing matrix to seize large amounts of prostate specific capture antibody (Ab 1 ). The chitosan-decorated Nafion/MWNTs composites exhibited a 5.5-times higher ECL intensity than the unadorned Nafion/MWNTs films. Also, without additional reagents, such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTS), the one-step functionalized Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /chitosan/SiO 2 NPs provided a large number of active arms to connect with PSA-detected antibodies (Ab 2 ) through the amino groups in chitosan. After a sandwich immunoreaction, the PSA antigen and Ru(bpy) 3 2+ /chitosan/SiO 2 NPs-labelled Ab 2 were sequentially captured onto the Ab 1 /chitosan/Nafion/MWNTs-modified electrode surface. The ECL signal increases were linearly related to the PSA antigen concentrations and ranged from 0.01 pg·mLl −1 to 10.0 pg·mLl −1 . Under the optimized experimental conditions, the immunosensor displayed excellent sensitivity and selectivity. The detection limit was as low as 3.4 fg·mLl −1 , equivalent to, or better than, those of the reported ECL immunosensors for PSA.
A new modified electrode was constructed by the electro-polymerization of 7-[(2,4-dihydroxy-5-carboxybenzene)azo]-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (DHCBAQS) at a graphene–nafion modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The construction process was performed stepwise and at each step the electrochemical characteristics were investigated particularly with respect to the oxidation of the three noxious analytes, 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 3-nitroaniline (3-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA); the electrode treated with the fluorescence reagent DHCBAQS performed best. At this electrode, the differential pulse voltammetry peak currents of the three isomers increased linearly with their concentrations in the range of 0.05–0.60 μg mL −1 , respectively, and their corresponding limits of detection (LODs) were all about 0.022 μg mL −1 . Furthermore, satisfactory results were obtained when this electrode was applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the nitroaniline isomer mixtures by Principal component regression (PCR) and Partial least squares (PLS) as calibration methods (relative prediction error (PRE T ) – 9.04% and 9.23%) and average recoveries (101.0% and 101.7%), respectively. The above novel poly-DHCBAQS/graphene–nafion/GCE was successfully employed for the simultaneous analysis of the three noxious nitroaniline isomers in water and sewage samples.
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