Hyper-cross-linked resin has enormous potential in the removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions due to its adjustable porous structure and designable chemical properties, whereas its poor adsorption capacity limits the application. In this study, the co-modified hyper-cross-linked resin (HCP-x) with tunable porosity was synthesized by adjusting the dosages of 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) and 4-vinylbenzoic acid (4-VA) in the polymerization process. The results indicated that pores in the range of 4–12 nm show up in HCP-x resin with the addition of 4-VP and 4-VA. Particularly, the polymer containing 10% by weight of monomer (HCP-90) had the highest specific surface area, the largest micropore volume and a bigger mesoporous volume in the terpolymer . The adsorption experiment results demonstrated that HCP-90 showed 4 times increased Rhodamine B adsorption than the original resin. This study described a simple method to co-modify the hyper-cross-linked resin by introducing two functional monomers, and the modified material was potential for Rhodamine B adsorption.
Superabsorbent hydrogels demonstrate positive significance as water-retaining materials in agriculture and gardens. The super water-retaining hydrogel (BASA) based on the bamboo powder with the rich sulfonic acid group and carboxyl group was successfully and efficiently synthesized by ultrasonic wave-assisted and polymerization methods. The preparation process has the advantages of mild conditions and process simplification. The impact of reaction conditions (the ionic strength, pH value, cross-linking agent and initiator content) was systematically studied. Characterization methods such as elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM and TGA indicated that the synthesized super water-retaining agent had excellent water retention properties and good stability. The maximal absorbent capacities in ultrapure water and rainwater reached 1047 g g −1 and 952 g g −1 , respectively. The water retention properties of BASA were affected by the water quality and ionic strength of water solution. The swelling process is mainly the hydrogen bonding between the active group and the hydrogen atom of the water molecule and the electrostatic interaction of anionic groups such as sulfonic acid groups, but it also includes the synergistic effect of diffusion process. The outcomes demonstrate that BASA is a powerful water absorption hydrogel for soil water retention agent in the agricultural field.
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are critical components in osmotic energy conversion. However, traditional IEMs suffer from disordered nanochannels due to the lack of precise control over the content and distribution of ionic groups, resulting in an inherent trade-off between ion selectivity and conductivity. One promising strategy is constructing high-density ion channels with minimal ionic groups. Herein, high-density ionic nanotube (INT) arrays are assembled from tiny carboxylic groups (≈0.22 meq·g −1 ), achieving efficient osmotic energy conversion. Using styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymers, paired carboxyl groups and tetraphenylethylene (TPE) in the polyethylene/butylene block self-assemble into a transmembrane cylindrical phase. Driven by the cross-phase-miscibility effect of TPE, carboxyl groups aggregate at the cylinder interface, forming INT array membranes with an exceptional density of ≈10¹¹ cm⁻ 2 . The unique structure is directly observed and further validated by self-consistent field theory. The INT array membranes exhibit 2 orders of magnitude higher current than the control membrane, and an ultrahigh power density of 39.5 W·m⁻ 2 under a 500-fold salinity gradient, significantly outperforming the traditional IEMs. This INT design strategy not only provides a promising approach for osmotic energy harvesting but also opens new avenues for advanced membrane-based separation processes.
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