Forests
·
2024
·Vol. 15
·期 10
·1830
·
IF 2.4
Yong Liu,Jiake Chen,Cunxin Li,Xiangna Han,Hao Wang,Jinsong Bai,Xiaohua Liu
Block lifting is a key step in stabilizing and removing fragile remains at archaeological excavation sites. Due to its favorable working properties and adhesive effect, menthol has recently been proposed as a volatile binding medium for temporary consolidation in archaeological conservation. This paper presents a case study on the use of menthol in the extraction and restoration of a large wooden coffin lid, approximately 1.9 m long and 0.9 m wide, from tomb 11 (M11) at Xie’ertala, located east of a Xie’ertala town in Hailar City, Inner Mongolia, dating to the 7th to 10th centuries CE. This coffin lid had fragmented into numerous wooden pieces, and was preserved in a relatively arid steppe environment, necessitating the extraction of the lid as a consolidated block. The use of menthol for consolidating and lifting the highly fragmented wooden coffin lid was intended to preserve critical archaeological information while avoiding damage to the underlying objects. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of these wooden remains suggests that the timber used for the coffin lid belongs to a common pine species from the Hulunbuir region. The degradation of the coffin lid was relatively mild, as shown by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) results. Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) tests indicated that the hygroscopicity of the archaeological wood was 23.4%, compared to 21.1% for the reference sample, demonstrating good environmental stability. The safety of menthol as a treatment for fragile wooden remains was evaluated by comparing changes in the morphological and porosity characteristics of the coffin lid before and after menthol treatment. After treatment, the widths of the fissures remained largely unchanged, with all relative variations being less than 1%, and the porosity as well as pore size distribution of the wood showed negligible changes. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that only 0.6% of menthol residue remained after 8 days of sublimation. This pilot study demonstrates that menthol is a safe temporary consolidant for block lifting and offers a promising alternative to the widely used cyclododecane. In conclusion, this research provided a new approach for conservators to safely lift similarly large and fragile wood remains during archaeological excavations.
研究领域:
考古学
·
文物保护
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 0.4
Ryzewski Krysta
Hamtramck, a small, century-old city completely enveloped by Detroit, is promoted by its leadership as “the world in 2.1 square miles.” This slogan invokes two inextricable facets of the city’s heritage and contemporary identity: Hamtramck’s longstanding reputation as a proud, working-class city that has always been welcoming to immigrants, and its significance as the former home of automotive manufacturer Dodge Main, whose operations between 1910 and 1979 positioned the city as a global industrial powerhouse. The Old Hamtramck Center Project combines historical, archaeological, and geospatial sources of data to examine the process of urban expansion in the new city, which included the dissonant relationships among local communities and the built environment. Archaeological investigations within Old Hamtramck Center consider how the city’s residents experienced the often inconsistent circumstances of rapid urbanization and civic organization as the rural village transformed into a crowded industrial city during the early 20th century.
研究领域:
考古学
·
城市研究
·
历史学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.5
Kuanrong Zhai,Bingjian Zhang,Longguan Zhu,Hailing Zheng,Jingxuan Liu,Di Zhang,Xinrui Sun,Zvezdana Dode,Mingzhi Ma,Qiong Zhang
Collagen is a common component found in the degradation residues of gelatine, leather, and food. The rapid detection of collagen at archaeological sites and in residues is of significant importance to scientific archaeology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a crucial method for detecting proteins in archaeological materials. In this study, three types of polyclonal antibodies were prepared. They are cost-effective, easy to use, and applicable to a wide range of purposes. These antibodies specifically target common mammalian type I collagen and are designed to recognize different immune epitopes, including the N-terminal sequence and the triple-helix region. The use of ELISA enables the detection of specific sequence fragments in aged collagen. Based on the immunological experiments, immunochromatographic strips were developed to allow rapid on-site detection of aged collagen. The practical utility of these antibodies in detecting degraded collagen was demonstrated through experiments on ancient leather and mortar samples.
研究领域:
考古科学
·
生物化学
·
免疫学
·
蛋白质分析
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
·
2025
·
IF 3.3
Ming Wu,Zhenzhen Ma,Zhang He,Jinghan Ding,Xichen Zhao,Encarnacion Ruiz-Agudo,Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro,Jinmeng Zhu,Xuanhua Li
Mural paintings reflect valuable spiritual and cultural achievements of human civilizations and serve as crucial evidence for studying ancient customs, rituals, and clothing. However, deterioration of the mural plaster layer results in a decrease in the mural’s mechanical strength, thus posing a serious threat to its preservation. Nanolime (NL) is currently one of the most widely studied inorganic nanomaterials for the consolidation of cultural heritage in general, and mural paintings in particular, due to its excellent compatibility. However, there is limited research on the application of NL for consolidating the plaster layer of mural paintings. Here, we focus on ancient tomb mural paintings (ca. 1000 CE), investigating the consolidation performance of NL for its plaster layer. NL is homogeneously synthesized in the presence of additives and subjected to size-selection through centrifugation, yielding a narrowly distributed particle size of ∼40 nm—markedly smaller than the ∼180 nm obtained without centrifugation (NL-C). This novel NL is subsequently applied to the plaster layer of the tomb mural exhibiting limited impact on its pore structure and good penetration depth (1.2∼3.5 mm), which is significantly deeper than that observed in samples consolidated with NL-C (∼1 mm). More importantly, after consolidation with NL, the surface hardness of the plaster layer increases by ∼56 %, and the surface weight loss decreases by ∼67 %, demonstrating an effective consolidation performance. This study provides technical and methodological support for the application of NL in the preservation of ancient tomb murals.
研究领域:
文化遗产保护
·
材料科学
·
考古学
·
古代建筑技术
·
无机纳米材料应用
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
TOXICOLOGY IN VITRO
·
2018
·
IF 3.105
Lu Zhang,Xiao Yan Zhang,Yulan Hu,Bing Jian Zhang
Temporary consolidants, such as cyclododecane, menthol, coumarin , and ethyl maltol , are proved to be effective for urgent conservation in archaeological field. However, the safety of these temporary consolidants is still unknown although they are always heavily used in archaeological field. Thus reports on the toxicity of these temporary consolidants are limited. Here, a zebrafish model was used for safety evaluation of these four temporary consolidants. In the present study, four temporary consolidants, including cyclododecane, menthol, coumarin, and ethyl maltol, at different concentrations were incubated with zebrafish embryos, and their biological toxic effects were firstly evaluated. It was shown that embryo exposure to temporary consolidants resulted in an increased mortality and malformation rate, and a decreased hatching rate. The order of embryo toxicity of the four types of temporary consolidants tested was menthol > coumarin > ethyl maltol > cyclododecane. Although the embryo toxicity of cyclododecane was minimal, some studies have indicated that this temporary consolidant could be bioaccumulated. The results also suggested that the zebrafish embryos can serve as a reliable model for the evaluation of embryo toxicity of temporary consolidants, as this model could offer the possibility to perform the rapid, medium throughput, cost-effective analyses.
研究领域:
考古学
·
毒理学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY
·
2022
·
IF 2.382
Yiming Jia,Liangshuai Zhang,Yuan Xu,Lin Ye,Laiyuan Gu,Lin Chang,Wei Wang,Yujie Dai,Jiujiang Bai
In this study, we conducted diagnostic research on a precious Yuan dynasty tomb mural painting (A.D.1271–1368) excavated in Chongqing, 2005. To restore the painting, the painting technique and the artwork's preservation state were investigated through optical microscope (OM), portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman), macro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (macro-FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses. During this process, the coarse ground, fine ground and painting layer were characterized and analyzed. Experimental results show that the compositions of coarse ground are calcite and soil, while fine ground mainly consists of calcite and a few amounts of silicate. We also investigated and identified the pigments and binders used for the painting layers, which revealed that carbon black was used for the black pigment, cinnabar, red ochre and small amounts of red lead were used for the red pigments. To further investigate the distribution of materials in cross-sections with special attention to trace presented organic material, a FPA detector was used for imaging coupled with a large radius germanium crystal equipped attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. It has been found that the protein may be used as the binder and organic additive in mural painting. Our work enhances the understanding of the mural painting technique of the Yuan dynasty and also provides a reference for the future restoration work of paintings.
研究领域:
文物保护
·
考古学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Applied Sciences-Basel
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 21
·11202
·
IF 2.838
Jie Yang,Zhibo Zhou,Tianji Lu,Ling Shen
The present work reports the identification of inorganic and organic materials applied in gildings of Kizil Grottoes mural paintings, located in the western part of China. A total of 10 gold gilding samples were collected from caves dated in the fourth–seventh century AD. In this research, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV fluorescence microscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses were carried out to clarify the mordant materials and the coating materials on the foils. This research reports some new finds of the gilding technique in Kizil grottoes, such as oil and lac resin being used as mordant to provide a binding medium for gold gilding, gold powder probably being used as pigment, and some organic dyes being well preserved under gold foil. These interesting findings not only provide scientific evidence for us to understand the materials and techniques of gold gildings on Kizil Grottoes murals, but also illustrate material trade and technique exchanges along the Silk Road in the past.Keywords:gilding;lac resin;organic materials;Kizil Grottoes
研究领域:
考古学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 2.6
Shuxuan Shi,Yu Xiao,Chao Ma,Yingchun Fu,Zifan Chen,Danshu Shi,Shuya Wei
Some precious painted pottery have been excavated from a late Neolithic site (6000-5300 BP) in China recently. The materials and technique of the paint were comprehensively studied. The analytical techniques conducted include optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and thermally assisted hydrolysis-methylation pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (THM-Py-GC/MS). The results revealed the painted pottery is lacquer-painted pottery, which is the earliest evidence of using laccol as binding media to paint pottery. Moreover, a two-layer structure of the paint technique was found. Cinnabar and a kind of yellow dye were detected in the first layer, while iron red was determined in the ground layer. Laccol, instead of urushiol as a binding medium, was identified in both two layers. Laccol is the maker compound from the tree of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea , which mainly grows in Vietnam. Its presence in the painted pottery represents that the use of Toxicodendron (Rhus) succedanea resource can be as early as the late Neolithic period in China. The possibility of the origin of laccol was also discussed in the paper.
研究领域:
考古学
·
材料科学
·
生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Research
·
2023
·
IF 11
Yaxin Chen,Rong Wang,Minbiao Ji
Jade is most valued in Chinese culture since ancient times. For unearthed jade artifacts, the alteration color resulting from weathering effects and human activities provides information for cultural heritage conservation, archaeology, and history. Currently, the noninvasive 3-dimensional characterization of jade artifacts with high chemical and spatial resolution remains challenging. In this work, we applied femtosecond pump–probe microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy techniques to study the black alteration of an ancient jade artifact of the late Spring and Autumn period (546 to 476 BC). The direct cause of the “mercury alteration” phenomena was discovered to be the conversion of metacinnabar from buried cinnabar in the tomb. Furthermore, a 3-dimensional optical reconstruction of the black alteration was achieved, providing a high-resolution method for analyzing the blackening mechanism without the need of sample damage. Our approach opens up new opportunities to extract microscopic spatiochemical information for a broad range of alteration colors in jade artifacts.
研究领域:
考古学
·
材料科学
·
光学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
·
2025
·
IF 7.7
Lianpeng Lv,Yefeng Deng,Feng Liu,Tao Wang,Chao Zhang,Hao Du,Ruixue Sun,Haoyu Luo,Hailiang Yang,Yang Zhou,Bing Wang
The identification of leather artifacts assumes a crucial role in subsequent classification, restoration and conservation. Conventional methods are prone to environmental and technical impacts, and they exhibit deficiencies in detecting accuracy and sensitivity. To solve this problem, an electrochemical immunosensor was fabricated based on polypyrrole (PPy) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of leather artifacts. This sensor has an extremely low limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 1.66 pg/mL and a linear range of 5 pg/mL-1 ng/mL, which meets the requirements of ultrasensitive detection. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates excellent selectivity and reproducibility, and its performance surpasses that of ELISA in detecting leather relics. Therefore, the proposed electrochemical immunosensor provides a new strategy for the identification of leather residues, showing profound prospect in analyzing protein materials in the archaeological field.
研究领域:
考古学
·
生物传感技术
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Lianpeng Lv,Xiaojing Kang,Lubin Hua,Zejian Du,Ruixue Sun,Yefeng Deng,Hailiang Yang,Zheng Xu,Yang Zhou,Bing Wang
Effective identification of excavated leather artifacts assumes a crucial role in the subsequent restoration and protection of the artifacts, and on a deeper level, it holds significant implications for the history and culture represented by the artifacts. Existing approaches fail to address the pain points of micro-trace detection and species identification. In this work, two-dimensional transition metal carbonitrides/carbon nanotubes (MXene/CNTs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were employed as electrochemical immunosensor materials to construct and utilize a sandwich-type immunosensor for the first time to detect leather artifacts. The sensor exhibits a wide linear detection range of 10 −1 –10 3 ng/mL and an extremely low detection limit of 83 pg/mL, which can fulfill the requirements of ultra-sensitive detection. In addition, the sandwich electrochemical immunosensor demonstrates excellent specificity and stability, with the redox peak current value retaining over 95 % of the original value after 10 repeats of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and more than 85 % of the original peak current after one week of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), with an RSD of 0.767 %. The immunosensor achieves satisfactory outcomes in both qualitative and quantitative detection when analyzing leather artifacts and micro-traces, and its performance surpasses that of existing methods. Therefore, this work not only introduces novel materials for the construction of sandwich immunosensors but also provides new concepts and approaches for archaeological detection of cultural relics.
研究领域:
考古学
·
材料科学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2019
·Vol. 9
·期 1
·1-9
·
IF 4.011
Zhou Yihang,Wang Kai,Hu Dongbo
To explore new methods to maintain the dimensional stability of waterlogged archaeological wood after drying and keep the natural cell lumens unaltered for future retreatments, activator regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is employed to consolidate archaeological wood. To prepare the ATRP process, the waterlogged archaeological wood samples ( Pinus massoniana with maximum moisture content of around 529%) were first modified by 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide in CH 2 Cl 2 to acquire C-Br bonds as initiators. Then, butyl methacrylate or styrene was polymerized to the remaining cell walls with catalyst (CuBr 2 ), reductant (ascorbic acid) and ligand (PMDETA) in ethanol. After the treatment, the samples were washed and naturally dried. The results characterized by microscopy showed that the polymerization only took place within the remaining cell walls, showing no sign of collapse or distortion after air drying, and all natural cell lumens could be retained for future retreatments. Also, anti-shrinkage efficiencies as high as 87.8% for the wood sample grafted with polystyrene and 98.5% for the wood sample grafted with polybutylmethacrylate were obtained from the treatment described in this paper, indicating modification of grafting polymer through ARGET ATRP can help maintain the dimensional stability of water archaeological wood effectively.
研究领域:
考古学
·
聚合物化学
·
文物保护科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）