Dandan Zhou,Bingfa Chen,Min Wu,Ni Liang,Di Zhang,Hao Li,Bo Pan
Intensive human activities in agricultural areas resulted in significant alteration of soil properties, which consequently change their interactions with various contaminants. This process needs to be incorporated in contaminant behavior prediction and their risk assessment. However, the relevant study is missing. This work was designed to examine the change of soil properties and ofloxacin (OFL) sorption after tillage. Soil samples were collected in Yuanyang, Mengzi, and Dianchi areas with different agricultural activities. Although the mineral compositions of soils from Yuanyang and Dianchi differed greatly, these compositions are similar after tillage, especially for paddy soils . Soil pH decreased generally after OFL sorption, suggesting that ion exchange of OFL with protons in soil organic matter (SOM) was important for OFL sorption. However, a positive relationship between SOM and OFL sorption was not observed. On the contrary, increased SOM decreased OFL sorption when soils from the same geological location were compared. Generally speaking, tillage activities or dense vegetations greatly decreased OFL sorption. The higher OFL sorption in B horizon than A horizon suggested limited leaching of OFL through soil columns. The summed sorption calculated based on the sorption of individual soil components and their percentages in soils was higher than the intact soil. This phenomenon may be understood from the interactions between soil components, such as the coating of SOM on mineral particles. This study emphasizes that soil should be treat as a dynamic environmental matrix when assessing antibiotic behaviors and risks, especially in the area with intense human activities.
Real-time efficient sensing of machine-soil interactions, especially precise tire-ground contact information, plays a critical role in cultivation, seeding, and harvesting for smart agriculture. However, the complicated agricultural environment poses a considerable challenge to traditional rigid sensors, which cannot suffer from both large deformation and electromagnetic interference . Here, we report a novel soft-metal BiInSn bonding-enabled recyclable and anti-interference flexible multilayer piezoelectric sensor for monitoring tractor tire strain. The printed BiInSn-ink electrode fully wraps the surface fibers of porous BaTiO 3 /PVDF-HFP electrospun films only through a low pressure at low temperature due to its unique thermal-softening effects, which of the adhesion strength is superior to the intrinsic tension limit of the film. The compact multilayer piezoelectric sensor is thus easily prepared, remarkably increasing the output voltage compared to a single-layer case (up to 300% for three layers). Benefiting from the low melting point of the BiInSn alloy, the sensors are easily recyclable compared to conventional metal electrodes prepared with copper, silver, and gold. In addition, its high electrical conductivity also enables the shielding layer to achieve ultrahigh shielding effectiveness of 2100 dB mm −1 . This sensor can be demonstrated for tire strain sensing under complex operating conditions such as plowing, harrowing, and fertilizer application . These findings serve as a foundation for accelerating the development of smart agriculture.
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