JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2020
·
IF 9.038
Wen-Xiong Li,Hai-Jun Zhang,Xiao-Ping Hu,Wen-Xue Yang,Zhou Cheng,Chang-Qiong Xie
The intumescent flame retardant (IFR) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as the main component has many defects in practical applications, more than that, APP can be traced to non-renewable phosphate rock resources. For the foregoing reasons, the melamine phytate supramolecular nanosheet flame retardant incorporating manganese ion (PAMA-Mn) was successfully prepared with a facile and environmental friendly hydrothermal procedure based on renewable bio-based material phytic acid (PA). The flame retardant polypropylene composite (PPI) with 13.5 wt% APP and 4.5 wt% pentaerythritol (PER) failed to the UL-94 test, and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was only 26.5%. After 33 wt% of APP was replaced by PAMA-Mn, the PPMn33 incorporating only 18 wt% flame retardant additives passed the UL-94 V-0 rating, and its LOI value was increased to 31.9%. Compared with PP, pHRR and pSPR values of PPMn33 were reduced by 56% and 23%, respectively. The fire retardant mechanism of PPMn33 was thoroughly discussed via a variety of characterization methods. It was found that the peak of the Gram-Schmidt curve of PPMn33 was drastically reduced by 49% relative to that of PPI, indicating a remarkably decrease of combustible volatile products owing to the incorporation of PAMA-Mn, thereby rapidly reducing the fire hazard risk.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Jinpeng Wang,Yang Su,Xue Yang,Fengrong Xin,Jian Wang,Chaoyi Fan,Zhen Yang,Dandan Peng,Zhehong Shen,Qun Fang,Sai Wu
As a bio-based wood product, plywood is widely used in furniture, flooring, packaging, architectural decoration, etc. However, the flammability of plywood limits its application. Using flame-retardant adhesives to prepare plywood is the simplest way to improve its flame-retardant properties. However, a challenge in flame-retardant adhesives arose from the negative effect of flame retardants on the curing and bonding properties of adhesives. Herein, we developed a method to prepare a flame-retardant adhesive modified by using Z-3A molecular sieves as carriers to load flame retardants such as phytic acid and ammonium polyphosphate. The flame-retardant performance of obtained plywood bonded by this flame-retardant adhesive was significantly improved with robust bonding strength under extraordinarily low loading of flame retardants. Even if the loading rate of ZPA flame retardant for 2-ZPA-5 plywood was as low as 2.2 %, the total smoke production and the maximal peak value of the heat release rate were reduced by 79 % and 14 %, respectively, with the limiting oxygen index being 33.6 %, the time to ignition delaying by 14 s, robust wet bonding strength being 1.79 MPa, anti-loss rate as 1.06 ± 0.18 %, and moisture absorption rate as 4.45 ± 0.14 %. The whole process needs neither tedious work or equipment nor high loading of flame retardants. This judicious design strategy offers a versatile and scalable approach to preparing flame retardant plywood.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2015
·
IF 2.587
Jian-Chao Liu,Miao-Jun Xu,Tao Lai,Bin Li
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which is an important component of intumescent flame retardant (IFR), has been modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH550) and silicon resin to enhance its hydrophobic properties. The structure and properties of the modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) were well-characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle (CA). The water CA of MAPP was as high as 148°, which demonstrated that MAPP possessed excellent hydrophobic properties. MAPP and APP were mixed with triazine, which is a char-foaming agent (CFA), and polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/MAPP/CFA and PP/APP/CFA composites, respectively. The fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of PP/MAPP/CFA and PP/APP/CFA composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The surface and fracture morphologies were evaluated by SEM. The mechanical properties was analyzed by tensile, flexural, and izod impact tests. The results demonstrated that the MAPP imparted excellent flame retardancy of PP/MAPP/CFA systems, along with a higher LOI value, UL-94 rating, and lower heat release rate and total heat released values. The modification enhanced the interfacial adhesion, mechanical stability, and thermal stability of PP/MAPP/CFA composites. Moreover, PP/MAPP/CFA composites with the thickness of 1.6 mm can still pass the UL-94 V-0 rating after treatment with water for 168 h at 70 °C, meanwhile the weight loss rate was decreased from 2.31% for PP/APP/CFA composites to 0.85%, indicating excellent water resistance. This investigation shows a promising formulation for water-resistant intumescent flame-retardant PP composites with extraordinary properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2025
·Vol. 17
·期 5
·667
·
IF 4.9
Jipeng Dou,Yong Xie,Rui Chen,Yan Qin
Stearic acid was used to modify the surface of a mixed flame-retardant powder consisting of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate by an uneven nucleation method, aiming to improve its dispersion in a vinyl resin matrix. This study investigated the effect of stearic acid dosage on the powder’s surface modification, characterized by infrared spectroscopy, activation degree, and laser particle size distribution. The dispersion of the modified powder in the resin matrix was evaluated by measuring the system viscosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and bending performance. The results indicated that when the stearic acid content was 1%, the powder exhibited the best overall coating effect, with a uniform particle size distribution and an activation degree of 73.6%. After the composite material was added to the resin, the system viscosity was 923 mPa·s, and SEM images showed good dispersion of the powder in the resin matrix. The cured resin demonstrated a bending strength of 41.86 MPa. However, the flame retardancy slightly decreased, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) dropping from 24.6% for the unmodified sample to 24.0%. When the stearic acid content exceeded 1%, the powder’s particle size increased dramatically. Although the activation degree also increased, the improvement was not significant. The addition of the powder to the resin resulted in a higher system viscosity, and the flame retardancy deteriorated sharply, with the vertical burning rating dropping from FV-1 to FV-2. Considering flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and processing performance, the composite material with 1% stearic acid demonstrated the best overall performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 1.911
Shouwu Yu,Shujuan Xiao,Zewen Zhao,Xiaowen Huo,Junfu Wei
Dipentaerythritol (DPER), 4, 4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI) and melamine (MEL) are used as raw materials to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) in situ polymerization. The MAPP is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the coating operation can effectively improve water resistance of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and MAPP has higher residual rate than that of APP after combustion. The flame retardant action of MAPP and APP in polypropylene (PP) is investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), TGA, SEM, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value of the PP/MAPP composite at the same loading is higher than that of PP/APP composite. UL 94 ratings of PP/MAPP composites are raised to V-0 at 20 wt% loading. The results of CCT also show that MAPP is more efficient than APP. The morphological structures observed by digital photos and SEM demonstrated that MAPP could be promoted to form the continuous and compact intumescent char layer. The flame retardant mechanism of PP/MAPP is also discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2021
·
IF 3.512
Xuewei Wang,Yanju Gao,Guixin Chu
To explore how different reaction parameters affect the major features of short-chain ammonium polyphosphate (APP) fertilizers, a batch of manufacturing experiments were conducted under two different manufacturing processes [phosphoric acid (PA)–urea and monoammonium phosphate (MAP)–urea]. The APP features including polymerization degree, polymerization rate, solubility, and N and P recovery rates were significantly varied and influenced by the molar ratio of raw materials (P:N), reaction temperature, time, and pressure under different manufacturing conditions. In the MAP–urea process, the optimized APP products were gained under the combination condition of molar ratio = 1.6:1, T = 130 °C, and t = 45 min, while this happened in molar ratio = 1:1.7, T = 180 °C, and t = 60 min in the PA–urea process. Comprehensively, the features of APP fertilizers produced by the MAP–urea process were better than those produced by the PA–urea process. Our results provide valuable references for manufacturing high-quality short-chain APP fertilizers.
研究领域:
农业科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 11
·2763-2774
·
IF 2.578
Shuo Fan,Yanlu Sun,Xueli Wang,Jianyong Yu,Dequn Wu,Faxue Li
A novel organic-inorganic flame retardant (SP-APP) was first designed by coating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with Schiff base-containing branched polysiloxane via ion exchange reaction and dehydration-condensation. High water resistance and charring capacity of the SP-APP greatly overcame the poor water resistance of APP and endowed polyamide 6 (PA6) with excellent flame retardancy and anti-dripping. The prepared PA6/SP-APP composite with 12 wt% of SP-APP reached the highest limited oxygen index (LOI) of 32.5% and passed V-0 rating of UL-94 test with non-dripping, while PA6 and PA6/APP with 12 wt% of APP failed to pass the UL-94 test. A sharp reduction of 50.9% in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 29.4% in total heat release (THR) was found for PA6/SP-APP in contrast with PA6. The working mechanism of SP-APP in enhancing the flame retardancy of PA6 was also explored intensively and the synergistic effects of catalytic degradation of APP, self-crosslinking behavior of Schiff base structure and thermo-oxidative degradation of branched polysiloxane contributed to the improvement of flame retardancy of PA6/SP-APP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Ruihong Qin,Yinghao Song,Mei Niu,Baoxia Xue,Liyuan Liu
In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was coated on the surface of carbon microspheres (CMSs) to synthesize the CMSs-APP (CA) three-in-one intumescent flame retardant (IFR). Then, CA was coated the surface of polyester fabric (CAP) by flame retardant finishing method to improve the flame retardant of polyester fabric. Morphology, thermal, flame retardant and other properties of CAP was characterized by SEM, TG, LOI, UL94 and CONE. The results show that when two layers of flame retardant (CMSs-APP) coated on polyester fabric (CAP2), the LOI value of CAP2 was 28.1% and the burning rating reached B1 class with no droplet drop during the UL94 test. The residue char has increased by 22.2%. The CA coating significantly reduced the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the polyester fabric, with the HRR reduced by 51.0%, and produced a more stable and compact carbon layer during combustion. Moreover, the coated polyester fabric has excellent washing durability. Overall, CA flame retardant was coated the surface of polyester fabric endowed the polyester fabric with good flame retardant, broadening its scope of application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
防火安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2020
·Vol. 31
·期 5
·1099-1109
·
IF 2.578
Congrui Qi,Bihe Yuan,Haoran Dong,Kaiyuan Li,Sheng Shang,Yaru Sun,Gongqing Chen,Yuanyuan Zhan
In order to improve its water resistance and compatibility with polymer matrix, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is modified with melamine-trimesic acid (MEL-TA) aggregates by supramolecular self-assembly technology. Chemical structure and morphology of APP@MEL-TA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Intumescent flame retardant system of APP@MEL-TA and charring-foaming agent is introduced into polypropylene (PP) matrix. The flammability and combustion behavior of PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests. In terms of LOI values and cone combustion results, APP@MEL-TA performs better than pristine APP. Char residue of PP composites is investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. Flame retardant mechanisms are proposed based on thermal decomposition, combustion results, and analysis on char residue.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 138
·期 6
·49813
·
IF 2.52
Yingtong Pan,Zhonglin Luo,Biaobing Wang
Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid piperazine (ATPIP) salt, as a novel charring agent, is prepared via a simple ionic reaction in distilled water using amino trimethylene phosphate (ATMP) and piperazine as raw materials. The synergistic flame retardant effect of ATPIP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is investigated by various characterization and testing methods. The results show that the polypropylene (PP)/modified APP with piperazine (MAPP)/ATPIP ternary blend passes UL-94 V-0 rating and achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30% at a loading level of 25 wt% IFR (MAPP:ATPIP = 3:1). Meanwhile, the total smoke production (TSP) value of IFR-PP samples is 3.3 m 2 , which decreases by 93.2% compared with that of pure PP, exhibiting excellent smoke suppression performance. Besides, the analysis of gaseous pyrolysis products and char residue indicates that the IFR-PP samples show a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism including the gas phase and the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 2.7
Wenjian Li,Fubin Luo,Yumei Dai,Denglong Chen,Hongzhou Li
In this study, to improve the flame-retardant properties of ramie fabrics (RFs), a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was prepared in a one-step process using biobased guar gum (GG), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and deposited on the surface of the RF to construct an intumescent flame-retardant coating. Fabrics treated with PEC coatings exhibited excellent flame-retardant properties. Specifically, the cone calorimeter test results revealed that an increase in sample weight of only 13.23 wt% resulted in significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire growth rate (FGR) of 91.37%, 65.12%, and 95.28%, respectively. Additionally, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 19.4% to 33.5%, and the fabrics self-extinguished immediately after the ignition source was removed during the UL-94 test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the char residue revealed expansion bubbles on the surface, suggesting that the PEC coating provides flame retardancy through a synergistic effect involving both the gas phase and the condensed phase. This study provides a simple and convenient solution for realizing green and efficient flame-retardant coatings on RF.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
绿色化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
A.N.M.Masudur Rahman,Xueping Zhang,Xiaohong Qin
Lignocellulosic fibers show combustibility, so it’s unsafe to use these fibers as reinforcement in flame retardant biocomposites that are designed for automotive textiles. Therefore, enhancing its flame retardancy is essential. This study aims to enhance the flame retardant characteristics of okra woven fabric (OWF) by using a synergistic coating of boric acid (BA) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Flame retardancy was evaluated through the analysis of limiting oxygen index, cone calorimeter, and vertical combustion test. An exploration of various concentrations of BA+APP was used, revealing that the coating of OWF with a composition of 6% BA+6% APP (wt%) exhibited the highest flame retardancy. TGA and DSC were employed to investigate the thermal degradation, which revealed that 6% BA+6% APP coated OWF yields the maximum char residue of 53% at 695 °C temperature. The alterations in chemical structure resulting from the BA+APP coating were analyzed using FTIR, XPS, and EDX, while SEM examined the deposition of the coating layer. The results of tensile properties indicated that BA+APP coating lead to a notable reduction in both tensile strength and elongation at break, as corroborated by ANOVA statistical analysis.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）