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Effects of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a phenolic acid compound from Yucca schidigera extract, on immune function and intestinal health in meat pigeons

Yuxin Shao,Yipu Li,Shuxian Xie,Bo Zhang,Jing Li,Yalei Wang,Yusheng Gao,Jianyuan Ma,Tenghe Ma,Zheng Wang

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid ( 4-HPAA ), a phenolic acid compound from Yucca schidigera extract, in Caco-2 cells and artificial rearing of pigeons. In vitro experiments showed that 4-HPAA at different levels exhibited higher cell viability than shikimic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and with the highest viability observed at 600 μM. Additionally, 600 μM 4-HPAA alleviated LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1β and CASPASE1 expressions ( P < 0.05) . In vivo results demonstrated that supplemental 4-HPAA at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg levels did not affect the body weight of 25-day-old pigeons ( P > 0.05), but all levels increased immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) and IgM levels ( P < 0.05). Compared with control, 2000 mg/kg 4-HPAA significantly reduced serum L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) activity ( P < 0.05); increased spleen and bursa of Fabricius indices and intestinal total antioxidant capacity activity of 25-day-old pigeons ( P < 0.05); and elevated ileal barrier-related genes ( OCCLUDIN, CLAUDIN1 and MUC2) in 7-day-old pigeons, as well as jejunal MUC2 and ileal OCCLUDIN in 25-day-old meat pigeons ( P < 0.05). It also inhibited glycolytic gene hexokinase 2 expression, while upregulating the signaling pathway genes CAMK2G and MKNK1 ( P < 0.05). Supplemental 500 and 1000 mg/kg 4-HPAA significantly increased serum total cholesterol levels ( P < 0.05). Notably, 500 mg/kg 4-HPAA had an adverse effect on intestinal integrity, as indicated by the highest serum diamine oxidase content, and increased glycolytic gene LDH-B expression; However, it enhanced microbial richness and diversity in the intestines of 7-day-old pigeon ( P < 0.05). Besides, 1000 mg/kg 4-HPAA impaired intestinal morphology, as evidenced by a lower ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio ( P < 0.05), but resulted in the highest abundance of Lactococcus in 25-day-old pigeons. In conclusion, 600 μM 4-HPAA exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in Caco-2 cells, and 2000 mg/kg 4-HPAA promotes immune function and intestinal barrier integrity while inhibiting glycolytic gene expression and the production of related serum metabolites in meat pigeons.