Inspired by the electrogenic mechanism, a miniature ionic power pack based on liquid marbles (LMs) is developed that overcomes ion-migration rates constraint in traditional systems. This stacked LM power source utilizes droplets encapsulated with hydrophobic powders composed of Brazilian palm wax, stearic acid, and hydrophobic magnetite, optimized for mechanical robustness, stability, and rapid activation. Upon near-infrared activation, the LMs merge within 1 s, enabling efficient and reliable activation. The system demonstrates enhanced ion-transport and superior performance, achieving an open-circuit voltage of 290 mV, a short-circuit current of 150 µA, and a power density of 275 W·m⁻ 3 , outperforming conventional gel-based systems by factors of 1-, 70-, and 23-fold, respectively. Scalability is validated through series and parallel configurations, supporting diverse biomedical applications. As a proof of concept, the LM power pack is successfully applied in electrical stimulation therapies for medical treatment chips and sports rehabilitation, showcasing its potential for compact, biocompatible, and efficient bioelectronic systems.
The neural signals produced by varying electrical stimulation parameters lead to characteristic neural circuit responses. However, the characteristics of neural circuits reconstructed by electrical signals remain poorly understood, which greatly limits the application of such electrical neuromodulation techniques for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Here, we develop a dual electrical stimulation system that combines epidural electrical and muscle stimulation to mimic feedforward and feedback electrical signals in spinal sensorimotor circuits. We demonstrate that a stimulus frequency of 10−20 Hz under dual stimulation conditions is required for structural and functional reconstruction of spinal sensorimotor circuits, which not only activates genes associated with axonal regeneration of motoneurons, but also improves the excitability of spinal neurons. Overall, the results provide insights into neural signal decoding during spinal sensorimotor circuit reconstruction, suggesting that the combination of epidural electrical and muscle stimulation is a promising method for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）