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Hierarchical AuNPs@BN@AgNR SERS sensor for ultrasensitive detection of bilirubin and biliverdin in saliva

Tianxin Zuo,Hengchang Zhang,Kaidi Sun,Hairong Chen,Caiqin Han

AuNPs@BN@AgNR SERS sensor for ultrasensitive salivary BR/BV detection. • Ultra-low LODs of 5 × 10 −8  M for BR and 1 × 10 −7  M for BV in spiked saliva. • FDTD simulations confirm 5.54-fold electric field enhancement via LSPR coupling. • BN layer enables target enrichment and suppressed non-specific adsorption. Bilirubin (BR) and biliverdin (BV) are non-invasive biomarkers for hepatic function assessment. Their detection in saliva is limited by sub-micromolar concentrations and matrix interference. Conventional methods exhibit limits of detection (LODs) ≥ 10 −6  M. Herein, an AuNPs@BN@AgNR SERS sensor is fabricated via oblique angle deposition, wet chemical etching, and chemical reduction. FDTD simulations demonstrate a 5.54-fold local electric field enhancement in the x–z plane relative to the BN@AgNR bilayer, resulting from LSPR coupling between AuNPs and AgNRs. Experimentally, the substrate achieves enhancement factors up to 4.06 × 10 9 with a spatial relative standard deviation (RSD) of ≤7.00%. The sensor yields LODs of 1 × 10 −12  M (BPE), 2.5 × 10 −8  M (R6G), and 1 × 10 −6  M (CV). In spiked saliva, the sensor exhibits quantifiable concentration ranges of 5 × 10 −8  M to 1 × 10 −4  M for BR and 1 × 10 −7  M to 1 × 10 −4  M for BV, with corresponding LODs of 5 × 10 −8  M and 1 × 10 −7  M. This performance is attributed to BN-mediated electrostatic target enrichment and the suppression of non-specific protein adsorption. This study provides an analytical platform for the non-invasive trace analysis of hepatic biomarkers. Download: Download high-res image (112KB) Download: Download full-size image

Engineering Goat Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Dual-Model Imaging and Anti-Inflammatory Photothermal Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer

Yu Gao,Boping Jing,Wenyu Song,Yangmeihui Song,Rong Guo,Ruijie Qian,Ziyang Zhu,Biao Yang,Xiaoli Lan,Rui An

As an emerging modality for treatment, photothermal therapy demonstrates significant potential for clinical application. However, the inflammatory reaction after photothermal therapy can lead to tumor recurrence and metastasis. As a novel photothermal agent, biliverdin (BV) also demonstrates a remarkable anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, goat milk-derived extracellular vesicles (GEVs) is used to encapsulate BV. The objective was to enhance tumor uptake of the photothermal agent while alleviating the inflammatory responses associated with photothermal therapy, thereby achieving superior therapeutic outcomes. N3-GEV@BV was successfully synthesized. Additionally, it exhibited notable efficacy in photothermal therapy and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Utilizing a pretargeting strategy, N3-GEV@BV can accomplish PET/CT imaging in both subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models. After photothermal treatment, the tumor volume in the N3-GEV@BV+laser group exhibited a significant decrease relative to the other groups, with reductions of up to 1/13 observed. Furthermore, compared to N3-GEV@ICG, mice injected with N3-GEV@BV exhibited lower expression levels of inflammatory factors in both the serum and tumor tissues. As an integrated nanoprobe for diagnosis and treatment, N3-GEV@BV can successfully mediate the photothermal therapy of tumor tissue. Notably, it contributes to enhanced tumor prognosis by mitigating the inflammatory response induced by photothermal therapy, underscoring its broad potential for application.

Label-free tissue NIR-II autofluorescence imaging for visualization of human liver malignancy

He Haisheng,Zhu Wenwei,Miao Han,Wang Shangfeng,Du Zunguo,Zhang Hongxin,Ming Jiang,Shi Ben,Wang Hao,Qi Jianping,Fan Yong,Wu Wei,Zhao Dongyuan,Qin Lun-Xiu,Zhang Fan

Successful surgical resection of solid tumours requires highly reliable real-time intraoperative tools to accurately delineate tumour boundaries, which remains challenging in routine clinical standards. Here, we identify endogenous substances with intense autofluorescence in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1,000–1,700 nm) that are abundant in human liver tissues but negligible in cancerous tissues. Inspired by this discovery, we develop a label-free and wide-field imaging approach, named tissue autofluorescence NIR-II imaging (TANI) for visualizing human liver malignancies. TANI demonstrates exceptional contrast (7.69 ± 0.52), sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (98.4%) in delineating various liver malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and liver metastasis from cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic livers, outperforming routine fluorescence-guided surgery and conventional autofluorescence imaging in the visible (400–650 nm) or first near-infrared (700–900 nm) window. The excellent performance of TANI remains unaffected by cancer grade/stage, benign lesions or blood/bile contamination. These findings represent a promising advance in intraoperative decision-making and suggest a strong correlation between near-infrared autofluorescence and diseases. We believe that clarifying the molecular insights underlying these autofluorescent substances may provide new diagnostic directions.

Research Note: L*a*b* color space for prediction of eggshell pigment content in differently colored eggs

Lingsen Zeng,Guiyun Xu,Caiyun Jiang,Junying Li,Jiangxia Zheng

ABSTRACT Eggshell color is the most intuitive external feature that affects consumer acceptance. Different eggshell colors are mainly determined by protoporphyrin IX and biliverdin content. The selection of eggshell color by the human eye with an eggshell color fan can be roughly classified. Although more technologically advanced, a colorimeter or spectrophotometer might be of limited use when observing a variety of shell colors, such as brown, olive, green, and blue. This study aimed to provide a convenient and accurate method for predicting the content of eggshell pigments by measuring eggshell color using the Commission International de L'Eclairage ( CIE ) L*a*b* system. The results showed the deepening of eggshell color in brown and blue eggs was correlated with increased eggshell pigment deposition, and eggshell color was significantly positively correlated with eggshell pigment content ( P < 0.01). Furthermore, the adjusted R 2 of the fitted function was in the range of 0.81 to 0.89, and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the predicted and true values was in the range of 0.89 to 0.93. In brief, the L*a*b* method of measuring eggshell color to predict the amount of eggshell pigment deposition is convenient, effective, and promising for layer production.

Fabrication of Red Mud/Molecularly Imprinted Polypyrrole-Modified Electrode for the Piezoelectric Sensing of Bilirubin

Chunlei Zhang,Wanbei Bai,Tongtong Qin,Zhengpeng Yang