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Bee fear responses are mediated by dopamine and influence cognition

Gaoying Gu,Ziqi Wang,Tao Lin,Sainan Wang,Jianjun Li,Shihao Dong,James C. Nieh,Ken Tan

en This link goes to a English section zh This link goes to a Chinese section Predatory threats, even when they do not involve direct consumption (non-consumptive effects, NCEs), can profoundly influence the physiology and behaviour of prey. For example, honeybees that encounter hornet predators show responses similar to fear. However, the physiological mechanisms that are connected with this fear-like response and their effects on bee cognition and olfaction remain largely unknown. We show that bees decreased time spent near the hornet, demonstrated fearful behaviour and moved with greater velocity to escape. After a prolonged 24-h exposure, bees adopted defensive clustering, displayed greater predator avoidance, and experienced a decline in brain dopamine levels. Prolonged predator exposure also diminished bee olfactory sensitivity to odours and their mechanical sensitivity to air currents, contributing to impaired olfactory learning. However, boosting brain dopamine reversed one fear-like behaviour (average bee velocity in the presence of a hornet) and rescued olfactory sensitivity and learning. We therefore provide evidence linking dopamine to sensory and cognitive declines associated with fear in an insect. 摘要 en This link goes to a English section zh This link goes to a Chinese section 即便对猎物不构成直接捕杀(非消耗性捕食效应)，捕食者也可以对猎物的生理和行为造成严重的影响。例如，遭遇胡蜂捕食者时，蜜蜂会产生类似恐惧的反应。 然而，该类似恐惧反应相关的生理机制还没有详细研究，该类似恐惧反应对蜜蜂的认知嗅觉的影响也没有报道。 我们的实验结果表明，蜜蜂在遭遇胡蜂时表现出惧怕行为，表现为减少了在胡蜂附近的停留时间，并以更快的速度逃离。但在24小时的胡蜂胁迫后，蜜蜂表现出防御性集群行为，大脑多巴胺水平下降。长时间的捕食者暴露还降低了蜜蜂对气味的嗅觉敏感度以及气流的机械敏感性，导致嗅觉联想学习能力受损。 然而，人为提高蜜蜂大脑多巴胺水平缓解了它们对胡蜂的恐惧，并在一定程度上恢复了蜜蜂的嗅觉敏感度和学习能力。 因此，我们的研究表明多巴胺参与昆虫恐惧行为的调控，与嗅觉和认知下降密切相关。