CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Jinpeng Wang,Yang Su,Xue Yang,Fengrong Xin,Jian Wang,Chaoyi Fan,Zhen Yang,Dandan Peng,Zhehong Shen,Qun Fang,Sai Wu
As a bio-based wood product, plywood is widely used in furniture, flooring, packaging, architectural decoration, etc. However, the flammability of plywood limits its application. Using flame-retardant adhesives to prepare plywood is the simplest way to improve its flame-retardant properties. However, a challenge in flame-retardant adhesives arose from the negative effect of flame retardants on the curing and bonding properties of adhesives. Herein, we developed a method to prepare a flame-retardant adhesive modified by using Z-3A molecular sieves as carriers to load flame retardants such as phytic acid and ammonium polyphosphate. The flame-retardant performance of obtained plywood bonded by this flame-retardant adhesive was significantly improved with robust bonding strength under extraordinarily low loading of flame retardants. Even if the loading rate of ZPA flame retardant for 2-ZPA-5 plywood was as low as 2.2 %, the total smoke production and the maximal peak value of the heat release rate were reduced by 79 % and 14 %, respectively, with the limiting oxygen index being 33.6 %, the time to ignition delaying by 14 s, robust wet bonding strength being 1.79 MPa, anti-loss rate as 1.06 ± 0.18 %, and moisture absorption rate as 4.45 ± 0.14 %. The whole process needs neither tedious work or equipment nor high loading of flame retardants. This judicious design strategy offers a versatile and scalable approach to preparing flame retardant plywood.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2019
·
IF 6.97
John Tosin Aladejana,Zhenzeng Wu,Dehong Li,Kouomo Guelifack,Wei Wei,Xiaodong Alice Wang,Yongqun Xie
The application of aluminophosphate adhesives in wood-based panel industries is limited by the adhesives’ inherent disadvantage of poor water resistance caused by their mesoporous nature. In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) was used as the modifier while glutaraldehye was employed as the cross-linker to reduce the water-uptake of the aluminophosphate bond interface in Pinus massoniana plywood. The influence of the cross-linking on the reaction mechanism, morphology, thermal stability of the adhesives, and tensile strength of the plywood was examined using FTIR, XRD, XPS, TGA, and SEM analyses. The SEM images showed the absence of pores on the adhesive surface at 1, 3, and 5% glutaraldehyde. Crystalline peaks were observed in aluminophosphate adhesives at a lower reaction temperature (110 °C). The C–O bonds were reduced, leading to the increase in C–C/C–H that could account for the bond stability in water after revealing hydrogen bonding between the plywood interfaces. Consequently, the wet tensile strength of PVA/aluminophosphate-based plywood was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) above the type II Chinese standard, achieving a strength as high as 1.02 MPa. Also, the dry tensile strength improved slightly to 2.34 MPa compared to unmodified aluminophosphate adhesive. Therefore, modification with PVA and the addition of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker could enhance the water stability of aluminophosphate-based plywood. This research has demonstrated the potential improvement of the plywood bondline and the industrial utilization of formaldehyde-free aluminophosphate adhesive for the wood-based panels.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS
·
2022
·Vol. 43
·期 8
·2200018
·
IF 5.006
Guochao Yang,Qiuhui Zhang
To improve the flame retardant performance of plywood and reduce the reagent loss and moisture absorption of the flame retardant, a bio-based supramolecular flame retardant is prepared by vacuum-pressure impregnation and high-temperature in situ polymerization in plywood. The best value of bonding strength appears at 170 °C, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 170BF-B plywood is 42.3%. After hot pressing, the moisture absorption rate of the 170BF-B veneer is only 18.51%, while the loss resistance rate achieves 83.45%. Its residue at 700 °C is 91.36% higher than that of poplar veneer. In the combustion process, the peak value of heat release rate (PHRR) and heat release rate (HRR) of 170BF-B plywood are only 10.69% and 37.11% of that of untreated plywood. After combustion, an intumescent flame retardant layer exhibits a graphitization trend. In the flame retardant layer, there are not only functional groups, such as P═O, PO 4 3− , P O C decomposed by flame retardant but also characteristic functional groups of wood fiber, like C═O, C H, etc. The prepolymer BF-B, which is composed of phytic acid, urea, and dicyandiamide polymerized with chitosan or lignocellulose to form a supramolecular flame retardant connected with P O C and P O N functional groups, thus improving the flame retardant and anti-loss property by in situ polymerization.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Forests
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 4
·741
·
IF 2.9
Yutao Yan,Jinhui Wang,Zhou Shen,Haiming Bi,Baoqing Shentu
In this study, fire-retardant plywood was fabricated using a simple guanidine phosphate (GP) impregnation treatment of the veneers, and the influence of the treatment on the flame resistance and bonding strength of the plywood was fully investigated. The results showed that GP modification could effectively endow the plywood with excellent fire resistance and smoke-suppression effect. When 10% GP solution was applied, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the impregnated wood was up to 37%, which was almost twice of unmodified plywood. The heat-release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP) were also greatly decreased from the pristine 94.14 MJ/m2and 0.77 m2to that of modified 43.94 MJ/m2and 0.08 m2, respectively. The excellent fireproof performance was mainly due to the thermal decomposition of GP to phosphoric acid and guanidine during combustion, which could promote the catalytic carbonization of wood and release of incombustible CO2and NH3to dilute and decrease the combustible gases, thus collectively preventing the wood form burning. However, the guanidine phosphate modification could seriously damage the bond performance of plywood, especially the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood. When 10% guanidine phosphate was applied, the dry and wet bonding strength of the UF resin adhesive-bonded plywood were decreased to only 0.7 MPa and 0.12 MPa, respectively, which may be due to the blocking effect of GP in wood pores and the hygroscopic and soluble properties of GP itself in water, thus decreasing the effective bonding between wood veneers. What’s worse, the poor water resistance of the UF resin adhesive was also adverse to the bonding strength of plywood. Surprisingly, the PF resin adhesive was proved to be suitable for gluing the GP-modified wood without obviously decreasing the bonding strength, which could be used to prepare plywood with both high bonding strength and flame resistance.Keywords:guanidine phosphate;plywood;flame resistance;catalytic carbonization;bonding performance;blocking effect
研究领域:
木材科学
·
防火材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
·
2017
·Vol. 14
·期 6
·1271-1278
·
IF 1.557
Zhu Xiao Dong,Liu Yu,Li Zhao
The physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood-based panels can be effectively improved by modification with nanoparticles. This paper focuses on effects of modifying veneer with titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles on the performance of a waterborne coating and formaldehyde emission. Commercial waterborne varnish was used to apply a surface finish on the modified veneered panels. Changes caused by TiO 2 nanoparticle treatment that could affect the finishing performance were measured. The results showed slight increases in the weight and contact angle of the veneers treated with TiO 2 nanoparticles, whereas the modified veneered panels after surface finishing presented improved hardness at high nanoparticle loadings. Modification of the veneers by nanoparticles had a minor negative influence on the coating glossiness and adhesion due to a blocking effect between the coating film and the modified veneers. Formaldehyde emissions were considerably reduced due to degradation by the TiO 2 particles under UV-light irritation.
研究领域:
木材科学
·
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Zhi Li,Haipeng Cai,Antonio Pizzi,Xianghong Li,Jun Zhang,Guanben Du,Yun Lu,Shuduan Deng
Cost-effective and sustainable biomass-based materials are being explored as alternatives to formaldehyde-based adhesives. However, the direct application of pure biomass materials for bonding purposes does not yield satisfactory results. Graft copolymerization is a widely recognized method for chemical modification. In this study, a novel formaldehyde-free wood adhesive was synthesized through graft copolymerization using N -methylolacrylamide (NMA) and cassava starch (CS). The physical and chemical properties, reaction mechanisms, and bonding mechanisms of the adhesive were thoroughly investigated. Characterization techniques such as FTIR, NMR, XPS, and SEM confirmed significant improvements in the properties of the graft copolymer adhesive, attributed to increased crosslinking density and the formation of highly interconnected structures. The cured adhesive demonstrated exceptional plywood bonding performance and water resistance, with shear strengths of 1.31 MPa (dry strength), 1.01 MPa (cold water strength), and 0.91 MPa (hot water strength), representing a substantial improvement over pure CS adhesive. This straightforward and economically viable strategy offers a promising avenue for developing biomass formaldehyde-free adhesives and promoting advancements in the wood industry.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 141
·期 2
·e54779
·
IF 3
Jinhan Lu,Xuan Sun,Gaëlle Fontaine,Serge Bourbigot,Zhilin Chen,Maohai Wang,Peng Jiang
An intumescent-flame-retardant vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer (IFR/VAE) compound has been prepared by blending with a complex of melamine amino trimethyl phosphate (M-AT) and sodium lignosulfonate (SL). Then, this obtained IFR/VAE polymer was applied as adhesives for producing the flame-retardant plywood. The IFR VAE sample (VAE/M-AT3/SL1) with a mass ratio 3:1 (M-AT to SL) showed an enhanced amount of char residue, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and tensile strength value to 20.6 wt%, 32 vol% and 19.3 MPa, which have been increased by 796%, 600%, and 56% compared to that of neat VAE. The cone calorimeter result showed that the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of VAE/M-AT3/SL1 sample was reduced by 48% compared to the control one. Additionally, the second peak of HRR of sample IFRPW/15 L/15 (containing 15 wt% M-AT3/SL1 in the plywood adhesive layer) presented a reduction of 29% compared to that of the sample PW/15 L (neat plywood). It is assigned to the formation of phospho-carbonaceous structure during combustion, thus the flame-retardancy of plywood has been greatly enhanced. Thus, this work provides an economical and applicable fire-retardant VAE adhesive formula for producing plywood materials with good performances.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与防火
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 4
·996
·
IF 5
Lizhen Huang,Wenchang Sun,Li Shuai,Xiaolin Luo,Jing Liu
Plywood is made of wood veneers that are bonded with adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins. The plywood made from formaldehyde-based adhesives not only releases formaldehyde but also relies on fossil resources. In this article, we synthesized furan-acetone adducts from lignocellulosic biomass in one pot. The furan-acetone adducts could be directly used as adhesives with the addition of phosphoric acid as a curing catalyst. Particularly, with the addition of 5 wt% diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) as a crosslinking agent, both the wet and dry bonding strength of the plywood prepared from the adhesives could meet the minimum requirement of 0.7 MPa (Chinese National Standard GB/T 9846-2015). The possible adhesion mechanism is that the penetration of furan-acetone adhesives into vessels and cell lumens followed by crosslinking during hot-pressing forms mechanical interlocking at the interface of wood veneers, which provides the main bonding strength of plywood. The findings presented here could provide a new way for the efficient preparation of aldehyde-free green wood adhesives and the value-added utilization of woody biomass.Keywords:bio-based wood adhesives;aldol condensation;bonding strength;furan-acetone adducts;plywood
研究领域:
林业工程
·
生物质化学与工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
EcoMat
·
2023
·Vol. 5
·期 11
·e12405
·
IF 14.6
Zhongxuan Wu,Yan Zhan,Shuaiming He,Panpan Yue,Guanghui Song,Jun Rao,Ziwen Lv,Bo Jiang,Baozhong Lü,Gegu Chen,Feng Peng
The commercial plywood is mainly made of high-value wood veneer and formaldehyde-based adhesives, which pose a major risk to human health and environmental protection. Here, we report an all-natural plywood made of self-adhesive bark veneer directly from hardy rubber trees (HRT) via delignification, epoxidation reaction and densification. The resulting bark veneer is demonstrated with sandwich structures featuring natural integration between cellulose and biopolymer Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG). The intrinsic EUG act as a potential strong “self-adhesive” and water-proofing agent, leading to bark veneer with high hardness, excellent hydrophobicity, wear resistance, and low thermal conductivity. Furthermore, we can produce the self-adhesive plywood on a large scale directly from HRT bark using this approach without any adhesives, endowing it with environmental friendliness, safety in use, and health benefits of human beings. Combining its efficient and low-cost production, the bark veneer shows great promise in fabricating high-performance and environmentally sustainable plywood.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2024
·
IF 5.6
Zhanpeng Jiang,Xiaohang Liu,Jingyi He,Huijie Li,Jiuyin Pang,Guiquan Jiang
With the continuous reduction of petroleum resources, synthetic adhesives based on petrochemical products will face the problem of resource shortage. Soy protein is an environmentally friendly biobased material, but it has problems with poor water resistance and poor permeability. Pretreatment of soy protein with green deep eutectic solvent (DES) exposed hydrophobic groups and active sites. Through the measurement of infrared and ultraviolet spectra, the hydrogen bonds of soybean protein pretreated with DES were disrupted, the content of amino acid residues inside the sphere increased, the water contact angle changed from 46.3° to 88.5°, and the hydrophobicity was enhanced. After pretreatment, functional monomers were introduced into modified soy protein and bromine functional groups were introduced to prepare soy protein isolate bromide (SPI-Br) initiator. Through the activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) method, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto the molecules of soy protein. By controlling the redox reaction of the catalytic system, controllable radical polymerization technology was achieved. This method reduces the influence of oxygen on the reaction and makes the reaction conditions relatively relaxed. Through infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization testing, soy protein isolate-graft-Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (SPI-g-PGMA) was successfully prepared. By optimizing the hot pressing process through response surface methodology, the bonding strength of plywood can reach 1.090 MPa, which is higher than the set value for Class II plywood using standard testing methods. This method has the advantages of green and environmental protection, making the soy protein copolymer prepared by this method have good industrial application prospects in green and environmental protection.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 11.6
Gaojun Wang,Zhaofu Liu,Bo Zhang,Lingwei Wang,Qian Li,Rong Chen
To advance sewage sludge (SS) valorization, this study proposed a novel approach that integrated protein recovery from SS with its conversion into a fully bio-based adhesive for plywood production. A thermal-alkaline pretreatment (pH = 12, 90 ℃) followed by acidic precipitation enabled efficient recovery of sewage sludge protein (SSP). Compared to the commonly used sulfuric acid, citric acid partially co-precipitated with SSP, potentially promoting amidation reactions between amino and carboxyl groups during the curing process. This interaction contributed to the enhanced adhesive strength of SSP. Inspired by the catechol-mediated adhesion mechanism of mussel foot proteins, tannic acid (Tan) and Zn 2+ ions were incorporated into the alkali-modified SSP. Covalent and hydrogen bonding occurred through cross-linking between the polyphenolic moieties of Tan and the amide/carbonyl groups of SSP, while Zn 2+ ions served as coordination centers, further strengthening interfacial cohesion. These procedures reassembled the fragmented peptide chains of SSP, resulting in enhanced hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and mold resistance. Under optimized curing conditions (140 ℃, 8 min), the resulting adhesive achieved a wet shear strength of (1.09 ± 0.08) MPa, surpassing the Chinese National Standard (≥ 0.7 MPa) by 55.7%. X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that 24.1% of the adhesive penetrated the wood micropores during curing, with mechanical interlocking complementing bulk adhesion to improve shear performance. Heat-induced structural reorganization further promoted β-sheet formation and esterification between SSP peptides and Tan, thereby reinforcing the adhesive’s cross-linked architecture. Finally, a preliminary assessment of the process’s economic viability and carbon neutrality potential highlighted its promise for sustainable, engineering-scale implementation.
研究领域:
环境工程
·
生物聚合物科学
·
胶粘剂技术
·
木材科学
·
可持续材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Sustainable Materials and Technologies
·
2025
·
IF 9.2
Chengxin Xie,Lanlan Su,Zhendong Deng,Wandi Zhai,Xiangchao Pang,Xiaofeng Hao,Yuan Zhu
The development of sustainable, high-performance adhesives has remained a challenge, hindered by the intrinsic trade-off between eco-friendliness and robust functionality, required for demanding applications. This is particularly true for waterborne polyurethane (WPU) adhesives, whose use in the plywood industry is limited by insufficient mechanical strength and poor water resistance. In this study, a bio-based molecule sorbitan monooleate (SP) was introduced as a dual-function crosslinker to enhance the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of WPU wood adhesives. The unique molecular structure of SP, featuring synergistic polyhydroxyl groups and a long hydrophobic oleic acid chain, was precisely engineered to construct a dense (215.06 mol/m 3 ) three-dimensional network within the WPU matrix, abbreviated as WPU-SP x . This molecular-level design by introducing biomolecule SP yield a dramatic, synergistic enhancement of the final plywood composite's properties. Compared to the unmodified WPU group, the static bending strength and bonding strength of the optimized WPU-SP x plywood was enhanced by 435.7 % and 299.0 %, respectively. Concurrently, the WPU-SP x plywood composite exhibited exceptional dimensional stability against moisture, with its delamination rate and volumetric expansion suppressed to a mere 3.92 % and 0.52 %, demonstrating a remarkable improvement over the unmodified WPU group. This study validates a novel concept where bio-based molecules with designed functionalities can simultaneously enhance the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of polymer networks, offering a scalable and green strategy to generation advanced sustainable materials that meet industrial performance demands.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
胶粘剂与密封剂
·
可持续工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）