Coatings
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 4
·733
·
IF 3.4
Meizhu Qin,Xinping Hu,Jingyan Guo
Polystyrene (PS) is a widely used building insulation material with good mechanical strength and strong temperature adaptability. However, PS itself is highly flammable and displays poor flame retardancy. At present, building fires caused by organic external wall thermal insulation materials prepared from PS represent a new fire hazard. In this study, the addition of an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to reduce the flammability of PS was achieved. Using melamine (MEL), acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), and phytic acid (PA) as raw materials, a new type of flame retardant (MAP) was prepared by an electrostatic self-assembly method and was introduced to modify PS. Its effect on the flammability of PS composites was also investigated. The flammability of the PS composites was characterized using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical combustion. The effect of MAP on the morphology of the carbon layer formed from polymer decomposition was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By adding MAP to a PS/20%N-IFR flame-retardant composite, the flame-retardant property was significantly improved, the limiting oxygen index reached 37, and the vertical combustion reached a V-0 level. The fire performance index (FPI) of the PS/20%N-IFR composite reached 0.0054, which was significantly higher than that of the control PS (0.037) as determined by the cone calorimetry test. The SEM results showed that the introduction of MAP can increase the density of the carbon layer after combustion. The heat release rate for combustion was reduced. In addition, the mechanical properties of the PS/20%N-IFR composites were compared with those with no flame retardant. The tensile strength of the PS/20%N-IFR composite was 26.1 MPa and the elongation of the PS/20%N-IFR composite remained at 2.2%. The PS/20%N-IFR composite displayed better flame retardancy than the untreated material and good mechanical properties. The presence of MAP prevented the heat and oxygen transfer and interrupted the releasing of flammable products, thus protecting the PS from burning. This flame-retardant material may find broad applications in building insulation materials.Keywords:intumescent flame retardant;polystyrene;insulation materials
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
E-POLYMERS
·
2020
·Vol. 20
·期 1
·303-316
·
IF 1.675
Haihua Yu,Xiuhang Xu,Yunfei Xia,Mingzhen Pan,Nighat Zarshad,Bo Pang,Anis Ur Rahman,Min Wu,Henmei Ni
According to the concept of fire life cycle assessment (LCA), a new type of intumescent flame retardant was designed and synthesized by chemically bonding chitosan, phosphorus pentoxide and melamine. The resultant compound, chitosan ethoxyl melamine phosphate (CEMP), was characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR, 31 P NMR, XRD and SEM. The performance of CEMP and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) was evaluated in the substrate of epoxy resin (EP) with limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimetric test (CCT), TGA and TG-IR. As a result, intumescent flame retardant EP (EP3) containing 30.6% LOI and V-0 rating was prepared by adding 3 wt% OMMT and 15 wt% CEMP. The CCT results indicated that CEMP and OMMT reduced the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) to about one fourth that of pure EP and total heat release (THR), 1/2. Decomposition of EP and EP3 was traced from 100 to 600°C by TG-IR.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 31
·期 5
·932-940
·
IF 2.162
Jie Wang,Yu Guo,ShunPing Zhao,Rong-Yi Huang,Xue-Jun Kong
Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) has received the considerable attention ascribed to the inherent advantages including non-halogen, low toxicity, low smoke release and environmentally friendly. In this work, a novel charring agent poly (piperazine phenylaminophosphamide) named as PPTA was successfully synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Then, a series of flame-retardant EP samples were prepared by blending with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and PPTA. Combustion tests include oxygen Index (LOI), vertical Burning Test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter testing，these test results showed that PPTA greatly enhances the flame retardancy of EP/APP. According to detailed results, EP containing 10 wt% APP had a LOI value of 30.2%，but had no enhancement on UL-94 rating. However, after both 7.5 wt% APP and 2.5 wt% PPTA were added, EP-7 passed UL-94 V-0 rating with a LOI value of 33.0%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak of smoke product rate (PSPR) of EP-7 were greatly decreased. Meanwhile, the flame-retardant mechanism of EP-7 was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corresponding results presented PPTA significantly increased the density of char layer, resulting in the good flame retardancy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2023
·Vol. 34
·期 11
·3631-3643
·
IF 3.4
Lei Li,Yishen Chen,Xuejun Lai,Hongqiang Li,Xingrong Zeng
Phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is one of the most promising halogen-free flame retardants in enhancing the fire safety of polypropylene (PP), but its efficiency needs to be further improved. Herein, a novel single-component polyphosphazene IFR containing pentaerythritol caged phosphate (PEPA) functionalized titanium carbide nanosheet (MXene), named PZS-MXene, was prepared. When the amount of PZS-MXene was 25 wt%, PP/PZS-MXene classed a UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 32.7%. Compared with PP, its peak of heat release rate, total heat release rate and total smoke production rate were reduced by 74.5%, 33.0%, and 19.8%, respectively. The flame-retardant mechanism revealed that PZS-MXene quenched high-active free radicals to inhibit the degradation of PP during the combustion. MXene rapidly catalyzed the carbonization of PZS to form high-quality intumescent char layer on its surface. Besides, MXene acted as the supporting skeletons and exerted the layered barrier effect to improve the compactness of the intumescent char layer, thus effectively inhibited the degradation and combustion of PP. This work provided new insights for the efficient halogen-free flame-retardant PP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
阻燃材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 42
·期 7
·907-915
·
IF 4.1
Zeng Xiao-Liang,Lan Xin-Sheng,Wang Yan,Zhang Lin,Guo De-Ming,Zhao Hai-Bo
Wood, a readily available and sustainable natural resource, has found widespread use in construction and furniture. However, its inherent flammability poses a potential fire risk. Although intumescent fire-retardant coatings effectively mitigate this risk, achieving high transparency in such coatings presents a significant challenge. In our approach, we employed a cross-linked network of phytic acid anion and N -[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl]- N,N,N -trimethylammonium cation to create a transparent “three-in-one” intumescent coating. The collaborative P/N/Si flame-retardant effect markedly improved the intumescent char-forming capability, preventing the wood from rapid decomposition. This resulted in a substantial reduction in heat release (13.9% decrease in THR) and an increased limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.5%. Crucially, the high transparency of the coating ensured minimal impact on the wood’s appearance, allowing the natural wood grains to remain clearly visible. This innovative approach provides a straightforward method for developing transparent intumescent flame-retardant coatings suitable for wooden substrates. The potential applications extend to preserving ancient buildings and heritage conservation efforts.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 139
·期 44
·e53070
·
IF 3.057
Yuanyu Ge,Zhenming Qi,Desheng Sha,Xiaosai Hu,Shiwen Liu
Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is the new generation of environmentally friendly flame retardant. The improved water solubility of IFR enhances its application in cellulose-based textiles. A water-soluble carbon–nitrogen–phosphorus (C–N–P) ternary IFR (PTETP) was synthesized using cyanuric chloride (TCT), ethylene glycol (EG), and O-phosphoethanolamine (O-PEA) as starting materials. The burning performance of untreated and PTETP treated cotton fabrics was evaluated using vertical flammability test (VFT), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimetry. The results indicate that with the increase of PTETP content, the flame retardant performance of cotton fabrics is gradually enhanced. The cotton fabric treated with 10 wt% PTETP shows no afterflame combustion, has a char length of 98 mm, and a LOI of 30.8%. Compared with pristine cotton fabric, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of the treated cotton fabric were reduced by 52.6% and 28.2%, respectively. Thermogravimetric (TG) shows that PTETP effectively improves the thermal stability and reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of cotton fabric, and even can increases the residual carbon rate by 20%. In addition, the employment of PTETP shows no harm on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics. After washing 20 times, LOI of flame-retardant cotton fabric still remained almost 26%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2019
·
IF 3.42
Naien Zhang,Meng Zhang,Jie Zhang,Xiaorong Guo,Huifang Wang,Baolong Niu,Hong Yan
In this study, a flexible water-resistant fire protective coating was fabricated by dip-coating with hyperbranched polyester (HBPE), polyvinyl formal-acetal (PVFA) and HBPE-modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP). HBPE with terminal carboxyl groups, generally being toughening additive, now was used as the surface modifier, film-forming agent and charring agent in this article. The slippery polypropylene (PP) was taken as the substrate to investigate the adhesion and fire protection performance of the coating. The plasma treatment enhanced the surface energy of PP, the hydrogen bonds between the coating and the substrate improved the adhesion, and the cooperation of HBPE and PVFA achieved the flexibility of the flame-retardant coating. Covered with a coating in an average thickness of 180 μm, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PP reached 32.2%, with an increase of 78.9%, and the vertical burning test (UL-94) passed V-0 rating. Cone calorimeter test (CCT) showed that peaks of heat release rate (HRR) and smoke production rate (SPR) were reduced by 79.5% and 60.4%, respectively. The structures of P O C, P O Si and P O Φ formed during the thermal decomposition, leading to a stable char layer. All these results show that intumescent coating is of high efficiency in flame retardant and smoke suppression performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
KOREAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2023
·Vol. 40
·期 4
·999-1013
·
IF 2.7
Gao Yan,Li Jinfeng
According to the requirements of flame retardant and environmental protection of wool fabrics, a phosphorus-nitrogen intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system was constructed on the surface of wool fabrics based on dip-rolling-drying process with DEA serving as carbonizing agent, phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid used as acids, and urea serving as blowing agent. Ammonium N-ethoxy-n-methylene phosphonate-n-ethyl phosphate (ANPP) was designed and the treated wool fabrics with a weight gain (WG) of 27.4% presented highly flame retardancy and exhibited a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 37.8%; after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), LOI can still be remained at 30.5%. Self-extinguishing properties in the vertical combustion. The cone calorimeter (CONE) test verified that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the untreated wool fabrics declined to 82.2 from 251.7 kW/m 2 after ANPP treatment, and the total heat release (THR) was reduced to 4.4 from 37.9 MJ/m 2 . In addition, the physical properties were maintained in the usable range. The flame-retardant mechanism analysis showed that the dense phosphorus-nitrogen char layer shaped effectively prevented the release of heat and spread of flammable volatile substances in the condensed phase. This study supplies novel ideas on devising and manufacturing of environmentally friendly treated wool fabrics with superior flame retardancy, durability, and high efficiency.
研究领域:
纺织科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2023
·Vol. 148
·期 18
·9547-9560
·
IF 4.4
Yang Xuhui,Jiang Siyu,Zhang Zhiyong,Li Bin,Xu Miaojun
Herein, zeolite imidazolate frameworks-67 defined as ZIF-67 was prepared and confirmed. The obtained ZIF-67 was served as a synergist in intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene (PP) composites to improve the flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression performance. The results of thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the residual char of IFR/ZIF-67 with the mass ratio of 95:5 greatly enhanced from 24.9 mass% for IFR to 63.5 mass%, and increased by 155.0%. It was ascribed the complexation effect of cobalt ion in ZIF-67 for IFR system. With the incorporation of 18 mass% IFR/ZIF-67, the PP/IFR/ZIF-67 samples (PP-4) achieved UL-94V-0 rating during vertical burning tests and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was as high as 31.1%. Compared with PP/IFR (PP-1) containing 18 mass% IFR, the peak heat release rate (peak-HRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (peak-SPR) and total smoke production (TSP) of PP-4 were decreased by 33.1%, 33.8%, 31.0% and 21.1%, respectively. The char residue of PP-4 was as high as 27.4 mass% at the end of cone calorimeter test (CCT). The more expanded, sufficient and dense char layer were generated during combustion, and the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PP-4 were significantly improved. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis gaseous products were inhibited to enter into combustion zone due to the isolation effect of the generated intumescent char layer. Consequently, the PP/IFR/ZIF-67 composites with excellent flame retardant performance and smoke suppression were obtained.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Coatings
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 2
·162
·
IF 2.9
Qiuchen Zhang,Qin Wang,Yan Li,Ziang Li,Shuang Liu
This study examined the effect of ultralow concentrations of three types of graphene oxide (GO) flakes on the fire resistance of water-based intumescent coatings, which are used widely as fire protectants for steel structures. The fire resistance of the coatings was assessed using a small-scale fireproof testing furnace, and their elemental compositions, oxidation states, and char-layer microstructures were analysed using Thermal Gravimetric analyzer (TG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)SEM, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)XPS, and the reaction mechanisms were revealed. The results show that three types of GO with different sizes and thicknesses all have the ability to enhance the fire-resistance performance of intumescent coatings at different extremely low dosages (0.001%–0.002%), with a maximum increase of 20% compared to that of the blank. Compared with small GO flakes, large GO flakes more effectively enhanced the fire resistance of coatings. The mechanism of enhancement of GO is attributed to two factors. On the one hand, although the presence of GO did not affect the type of final product of intumescent coatings, it affected the proportion of products. After adding GO, the production of titanium pyrophosphate increased, leading to an increase in the strength of the char layer. On the other hand, the microstructure of the char layer of the intumescent coating added with GO has been improved, leading to a significant improvement in the fire-resistance performance. When the dosage was greater than 0.002%, GO tended to agglomerate, which diminished its ability to enhance the fire resistance of coatings. Agglomerated GO can also leaded to a deterioration in the crystal structure of titanium pyrophosphate, thereby affecting the strength of the char layer.Keywords:graphene oxide;fire resistance;intumescent coating;ultralow concentrations;char layer
研究领域:
材料科学
·
消防工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2020
·Vol. 138
·期 6
·49813
·
IF 2.52
Yingtong Pan,Zhonglin Luo,Biaobing Wang
Amino trimethylene phosphonic acid piperazine (ATPIP) salt, as a novel charring agent, is prepared via a simple ionic reaction in distilled water using amino trimethylene phosphate (ATMP) and piperazine as raw materials. The synergistic flame retardant effect of ATPIP and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is investigated by various characterization and testing methods. The results show that the polypropylene (PP)/modified APP with piperazine (MAPP)/ATPIP ternary blend passes UL-94 V-0 rating and achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30% at a loading level of 25 wt% IFR (MAPP:ATPIP = 3:1). Meanwhile, the total smoke production (TSP) value of IFR-PP samples is 3.3 m 2 , which decreases by 93.2% compared with that of pure PP, exhibiting excellent smoke suppression performance. Besides, the analysis of gaseous pyrolysis products and char residue indicates that the IFR-PP samples show a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism including the gas phase and the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Aoliang Liu,Zhuo Gao,Guoshuai Cai,Jingjing Li,Chenchen Qi,Jiali Bian,Yunling Zou,Haijun Zhang,Mingchao Wang
The expandable graphite (EG)/silicone resin co -modified polyurethane-based intumescent flame retardant thermal-insulating coating was prepared with polyurethane as the matrix, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) serves as the acid supplier, pentaerythritol (PER) acts as the char precursor, and melamine (MEL) functions as the gas generator, EG as the synergist, and silicone resin as the modifier. The effects of EG and silicone resin on the flame-retardant thermal insulation properties, thermal reaction mechanism, and component-structure evolution of the coatings were comprehensively discussed. The addition of EG increased the amount of char generated and solved the problem of serious melting droplets in the char layer during the expansion process. The addition of silicone optimized the internal structure of the char layer and ensured its structural integrity and thermal stability. When the addition amounts of EG and silicone resin were 7.5 % and 10 %, respectively, the coating SP3–4 exhibited the best performance. The temperature on the reverse side of the substrate with SP3–4 coating was lowered to 174 °C, and the anti-ablation time was increased to >2 h. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of SP3–4 was 30.5 %, while that of blank coating Z6 was 23.8 %. Compared to the blank Z6, SP3–4 exhibited a 91 % decrease in smoke generation rate and a 70.4 % reduction in total smoke production, and the char residue rate at 1200 °C was increased by 355 %, the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of the char residue was increased by 287.9 %, and the tensile strength was increased by 63.1 %.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）