A deep eutectic solvent (DES) system of ChCl-MeOH-AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O was developed for simultaneous dissolution of lignin from Evodia lepta residue and in-situ hydrogenolysis of lignin to aromatic phenol ketones using a Ru-C catalyst. The use of this DES led to a delignification of reached 93.1 % and cellulose and hemicellulose retentions of 95.3 % and 47.8 % respectively at the molar ratio of 1:12:0.2. While the total aromatic phenol ketones yield reached 92.4 % under 130 °C for 3 h with 17.2 % yields of vanillyl methyl ketone, 9.1 % syringylacetone, 25.4 % dihydroeugenol, and 40.7 % 4-propyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol. The improved Ru-C properties in the DES system like thermal stability, the specific surface area and reduction potential contributed on the exceptional high product yields. The aromatic phenol ketones were 312.5 % higher than the reported yields of hydrogenolysis of aromatic monomers by ethanol/1,4-dioxane/formic acid under 300 °C–2 h conditions.
Xiaoxiong Jin,Wanying Wang,Hui Liu,Jing Zhao,Pengfei Li,Aoting Li,Ziyuan Song
Poly(l-glutamic acid)s (PLGs) are promising bone-targeting ligands due to their high molecular weight and facile preparation. Nevertheless, the bone-targeting efficiency of PLGs is still relatively low, validating the necessity to further enhance targeting through structural optimization. Herein, we report the use of a heteropolypeptide strategy to improve the bone targeting of PLGs through the incorporation of another side-chain functionality for enhanced affinity with bone tissues. Specifically, the introduction of cationic amino or aromatic phenolic side-chain residues resulted in a ∼2.3-fold or ∼1.6-fold increase in the in vivo bone targeting, respectively. Cationic modification not only improved the affinity with bone minerals but also exhibited prolonged retention in the bone tissues for more than 60 days. This work highlights the use of a heteropolypeptide library to screen and optimize the performance of polypeptide materials, offering promising bone-targeting polymeric materials for the design of bone-related nanomedicine.
Chao Li,Yifan Sun,Lijun Zhang,Qingyang Li,Shu Zhang,Xun Hu
Coal and biomass are two important carbonaceous feedstock and their co-pyrolysis has been proven to modify the fuel properties of resulting oil and char. Nevertheless, how do the volatiles from coal impact the property of biochar from biomass is largely unknown. In this study, sequential pyrolysis of coal in upper bed with sawdust, cellulose, or lignin in lower bed at 600 °C was investigated. The volatiles from the pyrolysis of coal did react with the biochar from biomass, which promoted cracking reactions and resulted in the formation of more gases at expense of biochar. The coal-derived volatiles enhanced the cracking or gasification of sugar derivatives and impacted the evolution of aromatic phenols. Furthermore, coal-derived volatiles also promoted the cracking or deoxygenation of oxygen-containing functionalities, making the biochar carbon-rich with higher crystallinity but reduced the thermal stability. Additionally, the hydrophilicity and the evolution of functionalities on surface biochar was also significantly affected by the volatiles from pyrolysis of coal.
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