Xiaozhong Wang,Xuwen Li,Lanjie Li,Min Li,Qian Wu,Ying Liu,Jie Yang,Yongri Jin
A green and effective extraction system based on the use of an ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system (IL-ATPS) was developed for the determination of aconitum alkaloids in lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaeli Debx (Fuzi in Chinese). IL-ATPS parameters, including the type and amount of ionic liquid, amount of salts, and pH value, as well as extraction time, were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries of the analytes varied from 80.37 to 107.18%. The detection limits and quantification limits for the analytes were achieved within the ranges of 0.048–0.082 μg g−1 and 0.16–0.30 μg g−1, respectively. After extraction, the recovery of ionic liquids without the use of organic solvents was also confirmed. The hydrophilic ionic liquids (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) were converted into hydrophobic ionic liquids (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) by a metathesis reaction, and in situ liquid–liquid microextraction was triggered simultaneously. Finally, 0.1 mol L−1 HCl aqueous solution (containing 5% Tween-20) was used as the back-extraction agent to recover the ionic liquids.
Zheng-Meng Jiang,Fang-Fang Wang,Jie Liu,Tian-Qing Huang,Hu Zhang,E-Hu Liu
The conversion of diester-diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs) into monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids (MAs) is an effective method to reduce the toxicity of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi in Chinese, ALRP), a popular traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were first utilized to simultaneously detoxify ALRP and extract aconitum alkaloids by gas bath thermostatic oscillator-assisted extraction. The effects of extraction parameters, including the extraction time, water content of DESs, temperature, liquid/solid ratio, and pH, on the extraction of MAs were evaluated by single-factor experiments, and the optimal condition was further optimized using response surface methodology. The results indicated that betaine-urea (Bet-Ure, 1:2 mol/mol) was the most appropriate DES to hydrolyze highly toxic DAs into less toxic MAs and improve the extraction efficiency of aconitum alkaloids in one step. The detoxification mechanism study showed that alkaline DESs had an excellent efficiency for DA hydrolysis and MA extraction, and the MA-extraction efficiency enhanced with the increase in pH. Compared with the conventional extraction, the newly developed detoxification process maximized the hydrolysis of DAs and exhibited a higher MA-extraction efficiency (1.913 mg/g vs 0.155 mg/g). The DES-based method offered an ecofriendly, simple, and feasible detoxication strategy for ensuring the safe and effective use of ALRP.
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