Ying Sun,Chao Zhang,Qizan Huang,Bin Dai,Baoping Lin,Hong Yang,Xueqin Zhang,Lingxiang Guo,Yurong Liu
In a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cell, film morphology of the active layer plays a significant role in determining the device performance. For lots of polymers, optimization of BHJ morphology can be achieved by employing high boiling solvent additive such as 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN). However, the additive process significantly increases the device fabrication complexity and leads to poor reproducibility of the device performance, which is not beneficial to large-scale manufacturing. In this paper, we show that well-organized film morphology can be achieved by systematic modification of the polymer structure. First, a new diketopyrrolopyrrole based monomer with a naphthalene group introduced to the terminal of the alkyl side chain was synthesized. The naphthalene group was incorporated to improve the miscibility of the polymer with a fullerene derivative and help the polymer chains self-assemble into an ordered microstructure for defined film morphology. By simply varying the monomers' ratio in copolymerization, we prepared a series of indacenodithiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole based polymers namely, P1, P2, P3 and P4, with different contents of naphthalene group functionalized side chains. The influences of naphthalene modification on the optical and electrochemical properties of polymers, film morphology and photovoltaic properties were investigated in detail. As expected, we observed better miscibility without any significant effects on the electronic and optical properties of the polymer for 25% molar percentage of the naphthalene linked monomer employed during polymerization. However, further enhancement of the naphthalene content may decrease π–π stacking, hence leading to reduced optical property and hole mobility. When 50% molar percentage of the naphthalene linked monomer was contained in polymerization, an optimum device efficiency of 4.01% can be achieved, which was much higher than 2.92% for the 1-CN additive optimized non-naphthalene side chain counterpart based device.
In this study, naphthalene-modified magnetic nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 @Nap) were simply prepared based on specific chelation interaction between phosphate groups and metal ions on Fe 3 O 4 surface. The resultant Fe 3 O 4 @Nap were characterized by FTIR, BET, SEM, TEM, NAM, TGA, and VSM techniques. With Fe 3 O 4 @Nap as adsorbent, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were efficiently extracted by magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) from environmental water and fish samples through the π-π interaction between modified naphthalene groups and PAHs, followed by their determination by GC–MS/MS. The key parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the Fe 3 O 4 @Nap-based MSPE/GC-MS/MS method proposed in this paper was evaluated and applied for analyzing PAHs in environmental water and fish samples. And the proposed MSPE/GC-MS/MS method exhibited good linearities for water samples (in the range of 0.1–10 ng/mL, R 2 >0.9945) and for fish samples (in the range of 1–100 ng/g, R 2 > 0.9905). The limits of detection (LODs) for water and fish samples were 0.004–0.031 ng/mL and 0.07–0.28 ng/g, respectively. Additionally, this method exhibited desirable accuracy and precision. The PAH recovery values from water and fish samples ranged from 81.5% to 109.6% with inter- and intra-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 12.8%. The MSPE/GC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of real environmental water and fish samples. Overall, the newly synthesized Fe 3 O 4 @Nap exhibited high sensitivity, specificity, reusability, repeatability, and it could efficiently extract PAHs from environmental water and fish samples by MSPE.
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