The locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic (NA) neurons regulate pain and depression through their projections to various downstream nuclei. Although GABAergic (GABA) neurons in and near the LC (LC-GABA neurons) provide inhibitory synaptic inputs to LC-NA neurons, it remains unknown whether they are implicated in neuropathic pain and comorbid depression through LC-NA neurons. This study demonstrates that LC-GABA neurons respond to noxious stimuli with enhanced activity, and stimulation of these neurons elevates pain thresholds and exerts an anti-depressant-like effect in naive and neuropathic pain mice. Conversely, inhibition of LC-GABA neurons leads to hyperalgesia and depression-like behaviors in naive mice and exacerbates existing pain- and depression-like behaviors in neuropathic pain mice. Although LC-GABA neurons inhibit pain responses in LC-NA neurons, they modulate pain thresholds and depression-like behaviors in a manner independent of LC-NA neurons. In contrast, the projection from LC-GABA neurons to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is enhanced, and stimulation of this projection mimics that of LC-GABA neurons conferring analgesic- and antidepressant-like effects. This study reveals the enhancement of the LC GABA -vlPAG GABA projection as a compensatory mechanism in neuropathic pain and suggests that further augmentation of this projection may be a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of comorbid neuropathic pain and depression.
Much progress has been made in the understanding of the neural circuits associated with sleep and anesthesia. As an important component among these circuits, the forebrain nuclei have been frequently interrogated. This study demonstrates that glutamatergic (Glu) neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP) enhance activity upon salient stimuli and state-dependently modulate brain arousal and motor activity in freely behaving male mice, and bidirectionally regulate the induction of and emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. We delineate a neural pathway, consisting of VP Glu neurons→ noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)→the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in male mice, controlling the release of noradrenaline in the LH and state-dependently modulated brain arousal, motor activity, and isoflurane general anesthesia through α2a receptors in the LH. Therefore, the VP Glu -LC NA -LH pathway and α2a receptors in the LH may be promising state-dependent regulators of brain arousal in both freely behaving and anesthetized states.
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