Aqueous zinc batteries offer a safe and cost-effective platform for large-scale energy storage, yet their practical application is impeded by the strong hydration of Zn 2+ , water-induced parasitic reactions, and uncontrolled Zn deposition. Here, we report phycocyanin (PC), a naturally derived protein-pigment biomacromolecule, as a motif-coded electrolyte regulator for reversible Zn electrochemistry. Its chemically differentiated molecular architecture enables cooperative regulation across the electrolyte and Zn/electrolyte interface. Spectroscopic analyses and molecular dynamics simulations show that PC reorganizes the local Zn 2+ –H 2 O–SO 4 2- coordination environment toward reduced hydration and increased sulfate involvement. Depth-profile XPS and Raman characterization further reveal the preferential surface enrichment of PC-derived organic species after prolonged cycling, while XRD and morphological analyses demonstrate the evolution toward compact, Zn(002)-preferred deposition. Consequently, Zn||Zn symmetric cells operate stably for over 5400 h at 2 mA cm -2 , and Zn||Cu cells deliver an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.77%. Moreover, Zn||PANI full cells deliver a capacity retention of 88.1% after 9000 cycles at 2 A g -1 , demonstrating competitive symmetric-cell longevity and full-cell cycling durability. This work advances biomolecular electrolyte additives from empirical performance optimization toward motif-coded molecular regulation, offering a structure-guided design principle for sustainable aqueous metal batteries. Download: Download high-res image (437KB) Download: Download full-size image
Aflatoxins (AFTs) are highly carcinogenic and mainly contaminate cereals. In this study, we designed and screened a hapten by analyzing the same characteristic groups of AFTs (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 ), prepared a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4C11 with a high sensitivity and specificity that can simultaneously detect all the main AFTs, and established a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (CG-ICA) for the detection of AFTs in cereals. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.77 μg/kg, 1.40 μg/kg and 0.71 μg/kg for wheat, rice and maize, respectively, with linear ranges of 1.17–5.52 μg/kg, 1.84–5.20 μg/kg and 1.26–8.95 μg/kg, respectively. The spiked recoveries of AFTs samples ranged from 95.6 % to 104.2 %, and the positive samples further validated the reliability of the method. The results demonstrated that the method can be used for rapid, sensitive and efficient on-site detection of AFTs in cereals.
Fumonisin Bs (FBs) are the most common toxic and carcinogenic substances found among naturally occurring contaminants of cereals. A group-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2H7 was prepared that equably recognized fumonisins B 1 (FB 1 ), B 2 (FB 2 ), and B 3 (FB 3 ) with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value for the three forms of 1.52, 2.93, and 3.85 ng/ml, respectively. On this basis, a fluorescent microsphere-based immunochromatographic strip (FM-ICS) was established for the rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of total FBs (FB 1 , FB 2 , and FB 3 ) in corn , wheat, and rice. A recovery test showed that the recovery of FM-ICS was 92.8–108.3% with coefficients of variation of 1.2–7.9%. This method has the same reliability as seen with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. And the accuracy was further confirmed by certified reference materials. Therefore, it can be used for the detection of FBs in cereal samples.
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