PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2021
·
IF 5.161
Kangren Niu,Kuiyan Song
To prevent the degradation of wood surfaces by ultraviolet radiation and liquid water, modified polyethylene wax and modified polyethylene wax/oxidized paraffin composite wax were used for the protection of wood surfaces with hot wax treatment. The effects of natural beeswax coating and modified synthetic wax coating on wood surface aging behavior were also studied. Results showed that changes in color, gloss, water uptake, contact angle, micro-morphology, and chemical changes of wood treated with modified synthetic wax hot waxing were less than those of wood treated with natural beeswax hot waxing after long-term aging under ultraviolet (UV) light and water. Among them, the modified polyethylene wax/oxidized paraffin composite wax coating showed the best protective effects on the wood surface, and the composite wax coating reduced the UV penetration and enhanced the UV oxidative degradation resistance. In addition, the synergistic effect of modified polyethylene wax and oxidized paraffin further reduced the water uptake of wood during aging process. This data clearly shows that the modified synthetic wax and composite wax coating can effectively inhibit the photooxidative degradation of wood surface, provide a lasting hydrophobic protection effect on wood, and show long-term photostability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
木材科学
·
表面化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Future Foods
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Enze Li,Yunxiao Zhang,Xinyi Zhang,Ruoning Zhang,Dingrong Kang,Like Mao
The incorporation of oleogels as fat substitutes in plant-based meat offered healthier dietary option for consumers. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of canola oil oleogels and evaluated their performance in plant-based meat patties. Monoglycerides (MG), rice bran wax (RBW), beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW), and carnauba wax (CW) were used as oleogelators to form oleogels. Oleogels with MG exhibited the lowest hardness (2.29±0.18 N) and oil binding capacity (OBC, 85.78±0.07%). Rheology tests showed that CW oleogels stood out for frequency stability, and RBW oleogels demonstrated superior thermal stability. Tribology tests suggested that BW oleogels exhibited the lowest friction coefficient (μ=0.06) during oral processing. CLW oleogels achieved the highest OBC (100.00±0.00%) and released a higher amount of free fatty acids during simulated digestion (58.5±1.7%). Notably, the incorporation of 20% CLW oleogels into plant-based patties significantly reduced the thawing loss (0.19±0.01%) and the cooking loss (11.63±0.11%), while exhibited improved textural and sensory properties. The findings suggested that oleogels with 20% CLW could be an effective replacement of plant oils in plant-based meat patties.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
食品化学
·
可持续食品技术
·
植物基肉类替代品
·
流变学
·
摩擦学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE
·
2022
·
IF 4.342
Sun Yingjie,Zhang Xinyue,Jiang Yaping,Wang Jihan,Li Bingru,Zhang Xinhua,Li Xiaoan,Li Fujun
Ethylene response factors 2 (ERF2) belongs to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family and plays key roles in ethylene signal transduction . The roles of MdERF2 in apple ( Malus × domestica ) cuticular wax synthesis regulated by ethylene were studied in this work. Result shows that MdERF2 overexpression (ERF2-OE) up-regulated the expression levels of wax-related synthetic genes long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 2 ( MdLACS2), Wax synthase1 ( MdWSD1), Eceriferum 4 ( MdCER4) and Eceriferum 6 ( MdCER6) , while has no effect on the transcription of Eceriferum 1 ( MdCER1) , and shows different regulation effects on the expression levels of mid-chain alkane hydroxylase 1 ( MdMAH1) between calli and fruit. Furthermore, different MdERF2 expression levels changed the apparent structure of the apple cuticular wax and positively regulated the total wax accumulation. ERF2-OE also increased alkane and alcohol production but decreased acid and ester contents. Thus, ethylene regulated the synthesis of apple cuticular wax at the transcriptional level through MdERF2, thereby altering the wax structure and composition.
研究领域:
植物学
·
分子生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Wyclif Kiyingi,Jixiang Guo,Ruiying Xiong,Shiling Zhang,Chenhao Gao
Conventional methods for determining Wax Appearance Point (WAP) and wax content in crude oils—such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and modified acetone precipitation (SY/T 7550–2000)—offer established reliability but face challenges with complexity, sensitivity, and operational ease. This study introduces Back Scattered Light (BSL) analysis method as alternative that is rapid, non-invasive and leverages wax particles’ unique scattering properties. Using BSL, WAPs were accurately measured for six crude oil samples (YM, YD, SHB, XJN, YQ, GD) at temperatures between 16°C and 48°C. The method was validated using samples YD and YM whose results were compared with the coventional methods. The BSL method showed great accuracy, achieving a 1–5 % error margin for WAP. Unlike classical methods, BSL ably identified the two WAPs in YM (47°C and 36.33°C), corresponding to distinct paraffin and microcrystalline wax types that were confirmed with optical microscopy. Wax content estimations of 20.29 % (YD) and 35.12 % (YM) were consistent with DSC and SY/T 7550–2000 within a 5 % margin. Experiments with commercial wax in heptane showed BSL’s sensitivity to both macro- and microcrystalline wax types. The BSL method’s reduced sample requirements, shorter testing times, and ease of operation make it a compelling alternative to traditional approaches, with significant potential for enhancing sustainable wax management in crude oil processing.
研究领域:
石油工程
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Foods
·
2023
·Vol. 12
·期 10
·2011
·
IF 5.2
Lilai Mo,Xinzhuan Yao,Hu Tang,Yan Li,Yujie Jiao,Yumei He,Yihe Jiang,Shiyu Tian,Litang Lu
Cuticular wax is a complex mixture of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives that constitute a natural barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses on the aerial surface of terrestrial plants. In tea plants, leaf cuticular wax also contributes to the unique flavor and quality of tea products. However, the mechanism of wax formation in tea cuticles is still unclear. The cuticular wax content of 108 germplasms (Niaowang species) was investigated in this study. The transcriptome analysis of germplasms with high, medium, and low cuticular wax content revealed that the expression levels ofCsKCS3andCsKCS18were strongly associated with the high content of cuticular wax in leaves. Hence, silencingCsKCS3andCsKCS18using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) inhibited the synthesis of cuticular wax and caffeine in tea leaves, indicating that expression of these genes is necessary for the synthesis of cuticular wax in tea leaves. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of cuticular wax formation in tea leaves. The study also revealed new candidate target genes for further improving tea quality and flavor and cultivating high-stress-resistant tea germplasms.Keywords:cuticle wax;KCSgene family;tea plant (Camellia sinensis);wax biosynthesis
研究领域:
植物学
·
遗传学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Forests
·
2024
·Vol. 15
·期 12
·2262
·
IF 2.4
Luoyuan Zhang,Kuiyan Song
This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties of hot-waxed wood by incorporating microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), thereby addressing the issue of inadequate surface durability. We investigated the effects of varying mass fractions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) of MCC on multiple surface properties of hot-waxed wood modified with natural wax and maleic anhydride-ethyl acetate copolymer-grafted Fischer-Tropsch wax. These properties encompass adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, surface roughness, gloss, and hydrophobicity. To gain deeper insights into the reinforcing role of MCC, analytical techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to comprehensively characterize the chemical structure, crystalline structure, and surface morphology of the samples. The results reveal that, upon the addition of 5% MCC, the hot-waxed wood treated with modified Fischer-Tropsch wax demonstrates a 41% increase in surface adhesive strength, an improvement in hardness from 2H to 3H, a reduction in surface impact resistance from grade 5 to grade 2, and a 72% decrease in wear mass. Additionally, it exhibits enhanced surface hydrophobicity and thermal stability, while preserving its decorative appearance. These findings endorse the use of MCC in hot-waxed wood, offering significant potential in fields like wooden architecture, indoor wooden decorative panels, and furniture.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
木材工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2025
·
IF 1.9
Qianqian Lv,Chuanshuo Wang,Xiaoxuan Xu,Xiaofang Lv,Wen Xia,Jinru Shang,Aokai Qin,Qianli Ma,Yang Liu,Shidong Zhou,Jimiao Duan
Drag reducers have become a common method for reducing resistance and increasing transportation efficiency in pipeline transportation of waxy crude oil. The prominent heat transfer weakening effect of drag reducers may impact the deposition of waxy oil. This study uses cold finger experiments to clarify wax deposition characteristics and mechanisms in drag-reduced waxy oil. The wax deposition mass and components are examined under different temperatures, stirring rates, drag reducer dosages, and types. The results show that a low dosage of drag reducer at high stirring rates can simultaneously reduce the total wax deposition and the overall wax content in high waxy oil. 5 mg/kg drag reducer can reduce total wax deposition by up to 15.66% and overall wax content by 7.26%. A systematic investigation reveals that adding drag reducers changes the carbon number distribution in the wax deposition layer. This change is similar to the effect of increasing wall temperature. The heat insulation and transfer weakening effects of drag-reducing fluids are likely the main mechanisms inhibiting the increase in wax deposition mass and wax content. The heat insulation effect reduces the temperature gradient near the pipe wall, while the transfer weakening effect decreases radial heat transfer. However, under low stirring rates and high dosages, the deposition mass of the drag-reduced waxy oil system increases, with the adhesive effect of polymer-type drag reducers becoming more pronounced. These findings provide a foundation for optimizing drag reducer usage in waxy crude oil pipelines, potentially leading to significant energy savings and improved operational efficiency.
研究领域:
石油工程
·
化学工程
·
流体力学
·
传热学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2020
·
IF 4.469
Kangren Niu,Kuiyan Song
The beeswax used in Chinese traditional hot waxing is expensive and has relatively scarce resources. To provide a low-cost alternative and expand the applications of hot waxing for wood repair and protection, polyethylene wax grafted with maleic anhydride and methyl methacrylate was used for the hot waxing treatment of wood. The surface/interface between wax and wood was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the effects of hot waxing temperature and time on the surface roughness and gloss, hydrophobicity, adhesion and thermal stability of treated wood were studied. The properties were compared with those of wood hot waxed with beeswax. The results showed that the modified polyethylene wax filled the wood cell lumina, cross-linked with the wood matrix, and formed a smooth and continuous wax layer on the wood surface. This greatly reduced the wood surface roughness and improved surface gloss. The hydrophobicity and thermal stability of wood were also improved, and the wax layer adhered well to the wood. When used to hot wax wood samples at 180 ℃ for 40 min, the wood modified with polyethylene wax achieved superior gloss, adhesion, and thermal stability to the wood treated with beeswax.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
木材科学与技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2022
·Vol. 12
·期 47
·30734-30741
·
IF 4.036
Caihong Su,Yancai Li,Jiabin Zhu,Yuan Gao,Qi Li,Shuangkui Du,Xiuzhu Yu
The present study aimed to decrease the brittleness of flaxseed oleogels based on candelilla wax (CLW) in combination with flaxseed gum (FG). Effects of flaxseed gum concentrations (0–0.4%) on the characteristics of flaxseed oleogels including oil binding capacity, textural, thermal, and rheological properties, and crystal polymorphisms were investigated. Higher concentrations (≥0.2%) of FG significantly decreased the textural parameters (e.g., hardness, fracturability) of oleogels (p < 0.05), suggesting that FG could decrease brittleness. Rheological results indicated that all flaxseed oleogels exhibited solid-like characteristics because the elastic modulus was larger than the viscous modulus. The elastic modulus of flaxseed oleogels presented a maximum value at 0.1% gum concentration. Any increase in gum concentration beyond this concentration decreased the elastic modulus. Increasing FG concentration up to 0.4% decreased the enthalpy of flaxseed oleogels during the melting process. The β′-polymorphic form is an orthorhombic perpendicular (O⊥) subcell structure. Similar β′ crystal forms were observed among flaxseed oleogels, indicating that FG did not affect them negatively. The study showed that the physical properties of flaxseed oleogels based on CLW could be significantly changed by FG addition. These results provided a deeper comprehension of the novel system, which should be considered a new way to obtain healthy fats with better plasticity for food applications.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2023
·
IF 7.4
Haopeng Zhang,Yanjun Qiu
In recent years, the wax-based warm mix additives are always doped into the asphalt to lower the construction temperatures, which can lead to the substantial energy savings and promote energy sustainability. However, few studies have considered the methods to inhibit the premature precipitation of wax-based warm mix additives in warm mix asphalt, which will deteriorate the cracking resistances of asphalt pavement. This paper introduced a new method from the essence of the phase separation between the wax-based warm mix additives and asphalt leading to the reduction of cracking resistance, which chemically inhibited the premature precipitation of common additives (linear aliphatic hydrocarbon (LAH), polyethylene (PE), fatty acid amides (FAA), and Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) waxes) by wax inhibitors (WIs) to improve the compatibility of additives, and the cracking resistances of warm mix asphalts with addition of WIs were also investigated through the multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), linear amplitude sweep (LAS), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermal fatigue tests. The results show that the wax precipitation temperature (WPT) of warm mix asphalt reduces with the addition of WIs to inhibit the precipitation of additives to improve the compatibility, and the wax inhibition efficiencies of WIs are better with the asphalt doped with short-chain additives at higher content. The WIs can provide the warm mix asphalt with the additional elasticity and decrease the dependency on the applied strain, which increases the high-temperature rutting and intermediate-temperature fatigue resistances. The cracking and thermal fatigue resistances of warm mix asphalt at the low temperature can also be improved after doping with WIs, which is leaded by the precipitation inhibition of additives. Therefore, it is promising to improve the cracking resistances of warm mix asphalts and develop a new energy-saving pavement by chemically inhibiting the precipitation of additives.
研究领域:
土木工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials
·
2016
·Vol. 9
·期 4
·230
·
IF 2.728
Lili Ren,Yingchun Cai,Limin Ren,Hong Yang
Beeswax was modified through the direct blending of nano-TiO2, chitosan, acid dyes, and neutral dyes. With the varied modified beeswax, hot waxing was conducted on compressed poplar wood. Treated wood surfaces were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the C, O, N, Au, S, and Ti elements in modified beeswax successfully penetrated into pits of compressed poplar wood, imparting rich colors to the wood surface. The blending of 10% (mass fraction) beeswax, 0.2% chitosan, and 0.05% neutral red was the best treatment for mulation for improving the in-surface staining uniformity, durability, surface gloss, contact angle, and texture conspicuity of compressed poplar.Keywords:beeswax;chitosan;nano-TiO2;dye;hot waxing;surface properties of compressed wood
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林产品化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Haoran Zhou,Luan Wen,Liwu Lin,Zhongrong Li,Minghua Qiu
Pyrethrins is one of the most important botanical insecticides. In recent years, due to the demand for pyrethrins, factories use dried flowers of cultivated pyrethrum as raw materials to produce pyrethrin. During this process, a large amount of wax is produced. In order to avoid resource waste and environmental pollution, better development and utilization of pyrethrum wax is required. Therefore, in this study, refined pyrethrum wax unsaponifiables (RPWU) were prepared from pyrethrum wax wastes by silica gel column chromatography and saponification . The compositions and contents of main components in the RPWU were studied by GC and GC-MS. RPWU contained rich long-chain fatty alcohols , in which eicosanol, docosanol , tetracosanol and hexacosanol were the main components, accounting for 71.3%. In addition, it contained a small amount of odd carbon long-chain fatty alcohols (tricosanol and pentacosanol), accounting for 7.5%, which is very rare in plants. Meanwhile, RPWU showed inhibitory effect on tyrosinase , suggesting that RPWU could have skin-whitening effect. Therefore, RPWU obtained from pyrethrum wax waste has potential bioavailability value, which will promote the development and utilization of pyrethrum wax waste.
研究领域:
植物学
·
化妆品科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）