Abstract This study analyzed the hornification properties of the old newsprint fiber and its effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis and investigated the strategy for improving the hydrolysis efficiency. The results showed both of heating and vacuum can dry the fibers and cause hornification, which resulted in a significant decrease in the pore volume and the enzymatic saccharification efficiencies. A good linear relationship was presented between the enzymatic digestibility and the pore volume of the drying-induced hornified fibers from the two drying methods. The high content of lignin in this kind of hornified fiber aggravated the inhibition of hornification on the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose through physical barriers blocking cellulase to contact the partial surface of hornified cellulose. Moreover, the strategy of using surfactants to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis was preliminarily explored. The results showed that enzymatic saccharification of the hornified lignin-containing fiber was significantly improved after the addition of surfactants. The increase in glucose yield reached the maximum value of 7.15 g/L after adding PEG 8000. Anionic surfactants exhibited the similar effects but weaker than the non-ionic ones. And the most effective time of the surfactants applied to hornified fibers was postponed from 6 to 12 h as the fiber hornification degree increased. This study provides a meaningful complement for the research work of enzymatic hydrolysis of recycled fiber. Graphical abstract
Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers are the knotty public health issue due to the uncontrolled bacterial infection, prolonged inflammation, and inferior vessel remodeling. In this work, polypyrrole (Ppy) was added into the hybrid hydrogel containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and hyaluronan (HA) to acquire superior mechanism and photothermal ability. The Ppy composited hybrid hydrogel could effectively kill bacteria through accumulating heat on the hydrogel surface. RNA-Seq analysis shows that the heat accumulation could enhance phagosome of macrophage and M1 activation, which further accelerate bacteria clearance. Benefitting from the bacteria clearance, macrophage could transform its phenotype to M2 in Ppy composited hybrid hydrogel group with near infrared light (NIR) stimulation. The related genes expression in keratinization, keratinocyte differentiation, and establishment of the skin barrier in the skin were up-regulated and collagen and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression level are also enhanced. In summary, Ppy composited hybrid hydrogel could effectively solve the issues of infection and poor wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers, making it an ideal candidate dressing for the treatment of chronic wounds.
The label-free methods of proteomic combined with metabolomics were applied to explore the mechanisms of Cryptotanshinone (CPT) intervention in rats with acne. The model group consisted of rats given oleic acid (MC), then treated with CPT, while control groups did not receive treatment. The skin samples were significantly different between control, model and CPT-treated groups in hierarchical clustering dendrogram. Obvious separations of the skin metabolic profiles from the three groups were found through PCA scoring. In total, 231 and 189 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in MC and CPT groups, respectively. By the KEGG analysis, five protein and metabolite pathways were found to be significantly altered. These played important roles in response to oleic acid-induced acne and drug treatment. CPT could negatively regulate glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and histidine metabolisms to decrease keratinocyte differentiation and improve excessive keratinization and cellular barrier function. CPT could down-regulate the IL-17 signaling pathway and regulate the acne-driven immune response of sebum cells. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and linoleic acid pathways could significantly alter sebum production and control sebaceous gland secretion after CPT treatment. The gap junction was up-regulated after CPT treatment and the skin barrier turned back to normal. Krt 14, Krt 16 and Krt 17 were significantly down-regulated, decreasing keratinization, while inflammatory cell infiltration was improved by down-regulation of Msn, up-regulation of linoleic acid and estrogen pathways after CPT treatment. These results propose action mechanisms for the use of CPT in acne, as a safe and potential new drug.
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