Electrolytic water splitting using renewable energy sources, such as solar power, provides a green and sustainable approach for hydrogen production. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers present substantial commercial prospects; however, the rate of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes is limited by the water dissociation step. In this work, we fabricated an N-doped Ni substrate for loading ultrafine Pt nanoparticles, realizing spatial decoupling of the reaction process to break the limitation of water dissociation, where the N-doped Ni substrate and Pt nanoparticles facilitate the supply of ample H* and H2 release, respectively. The prepared Pt–N–Ni/NC with extremely low Pt loading (1.0 wt%) requires only 15 and 149 mV overpotentials to reach current densities of 10 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively. When assembled into an AEM electrolyzer, the system requires a cell voltage of only 1.75 V to achieve a current density of 1000 mA cm−2. Notably, the solar-driven AEM electrolyzer demonstrates a current density of 1390 mA cm−2 with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency (STH) of 8.27%. This study proposes a strategy to achieve efficient utilization and performance improvement of precious metals, promoting the development of efficient green hydrogen production.
Multimodal sensing in thermomechanically coupled environments, such as lithium–ion battery monitoring, remains constrained by inter-modal interference and low sensitivity to environmental changes. This work presents a decoupling strategy using a modulus-heterogeneous “rotating square” auxetic structure to vertically separate a thermoresistive temperature sensor array from a piezoelectric strain sensor array. This design near-perfectly eliminates thermo-mechanical crosstalk, enabling simultaneous detection of subtle thermal and mechanical variations over a wide temperature range. Specifically, the rigid regions of the auxetic structure rotate under tensile strain to isolate the temperature sensors from deformation, while the stretchable regions expand laterally to enhance in-plane strain in the potassium sodium niobate (KNN)-based piezoelectric layer, compensating for its intrinsically low d 31 coefficient. Benefiting from this architecture, the thermoresistive sensor provides stable, independent responses from 25 to 130 °C with 0.1 °C resolution. Simultaneously, the first developed piezoelectric unit, based on a lead-free KNN ceramic framework, achieves 100% stretchability and reliably detects surface protrusions as small as 5 µm without thermal interference. When deployed on a pouch-cell battery, the sensor array reliably detects both overheating and swelling, offering a compact and robust dual-parameter sensing solution with strong potential for structural health monitoring in complex environments.
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