Fida Hussain Magsi,David R. Hall,Zongxiu Luo,Xiangfei Meng,Chunli Xiu,Zhaoqun Li,Lei Bian,Nanxia Fu,Jianlong Li,Zongmao Chen,Xiaoming Cai
Simple SummaryHelopeltis cinchonaeis an economically important pest of tea plantations in Asia and has recently been reported in various provinces of China, expanding its population range. The bugs feed on growing shoots, sucking the sap and leaving the shoots susceptible to infection by fungi. No known control or monitoring tools have been developed forH. cinchonaeexcept for the excessive application of pesticides. The components of the sex pheromone produced by femaleH. cinchonaehave been identified and synthesized in previous work and have been shown to attract male bugs to traps. This is the first time that the components of the sex pheromone have been identified for a species ofHelopeltisbug. Here, we present the results of field trapping tests to optimize the blend of pheromone components, compare different types of traps, and determine the best position of the trap in order to maximize the catch of male bugs. Traps baited with the optimized lure were used to monitor populations of the bug and showed two distinct generations during the year. These results contribute to an environmentally-friendly approach to monitoring and managingH. cinchonaein the field.Helopeltis cinchonaeis an emerging pest of tea and causes severe damage to tea plantations in China. The female ofH. cinchonaehas been reported to produce a sex pheromone consisting of two components, hexyl (3R)-3-acetoxybutyrate and (5R)-1-acetoxy-5-butyroxyhexane, and lures containing the synthetic compounds have been shown to attract maleH. cinchonaeto traps in the field. This is the first time that components of the sex pheromone have been identified for a species ofHelopeltisbug, but their field application has not been evaluated in detail. The present study shows that a blend of both compounds loaded into a polyethylene vial at 0.2 and 2 mg, respectively, caught significantly more maleH. cinchonaebugs than the individual compounds and all the other tested blends. Sticky wing traps baited with the binary blend of compounds at the optimized ratio and dosage caught more bugs than bucket funnel or delta traps, and traps hung at a height of 10 cm above the tea shoots caught more bugs than those at other heights. The optimized traps and lures were used for monitoring the pest and two distinct population peaks ofH. cinchonaewere observed, the first one during mid-May to early June, and the other one in mid-September. Overall, the results of this study contribute to an environmentally-friendly approach to monitoring and managingH. cinchonaein the field.
Field studies using the synthetic sex pheromone of Trichophysetis cretacea , a trinary blend of ( Z )-11-hexadecenyl acetate ( Z 11-16:OAc), ( Z )-11-hexadecenal ( Z 11-16:Ald) and ( Z )-11-hexadecenol ( Z 11-16:OH), were performed in Sichuan to determine operational parameters for detection and control, such as dispenser type, blend ratio, dosage, and trap type, height and density. Of three pheromone dispensers tested, grey halo-butyl isoprene elastomeric septa were significantly more effective than polyvinyl chloride capillary tubing or silicone rubber septa. The ratio of the three components in the blend significantly affected moth catch. In the halo-butyl isoprene septa, the most effective ratio was 5 : 2 : 1 Z 11-16:OAc: Z 11-16:Ald: Z 11-16:OH. Sticky wing traps caught significantly more moths than water, noctuid moth or cone funnel traps. The most effective height at which wing traps were hung was 20 cm above the jasmine plants. Optimum trap density was 45 traps per hectare. Addition of volatile jasmine compounds did not increase the attractiveness of the sex pheromone. A dosage of 50 μg Z 11-16:OAc per lure was most effective in the autumn weather conditions of Quanwei. These data provide sufficient information to develop effective protocols for using the T. cretacea pheromone to detect and monitor this pest in the jasmine fields.
Population control of small sucking insects has been challenging, and alternative control methods are constantly being sought. Visual traps have long been used to monitor and control pests. Colored sticky cards are widely used for diurnal pests, but their effects are influenced by environmental light conditions. Artificial light traps are mostly used for nocturnal pests. Here, we explored and evaluated light-emitting diode (LED) traps for the monitoring and control of small diurnal sucking insects using greenhouse tests targeting the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum. We tested the trapping efficacy of the LED water pan trap, assessed the most attractive LED light and analyzed its efficacy under different weather conditions. The results showed that the LED water pan trap was too inefficient to be useful. Green LEDs were more attractive than yellow LEDs, UV LEDs and green-UV combinations. Regardless of sunny or cloudy conditions, the green LED trap caught more than twice the number of whiteflies than the yellow sticky card alone under summer shading conditions. Our study suggests that LED traps have a significant field application value in whitefly mass trapping and may also be efficient for other diurnal insects. The design of LED traps specific for diurnal insects is discussed.
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