Man Xu,Qing Yu,Qianru Zhao,Wei Chen,Yuanjie Lin,Yong Jin
Objective: The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a W/O microemulsion formulation of troxerutin to improve its oral bioavailability.Methods: The W/O microemulsion was optimized using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram and evaluated for physical properties. In vitro MDCK cell permeability studies were carried out to evaluate the permeability enhancement effect of microemulsion, and in vivo absorption of troxerutin microemulsion in the intestine was compared with that of solution after single-dose administration (56.7 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats.Results: The optimal formulation consisted of lecithin, ethanol, isopropyl myristate and water (23.30/11.67/52.45/12.59 w/w) was physicochemical stable and the mean droplet size was about 50.20 nm. In vitro study, the troxerutin-loaded microemulsion showed higher intestinal membrane permeability across MDCK monolayer when compared with the control solution. The W/O microemulsion can significantly promote the intestinal absorption of troxerutin in rats in vivo, and the relative bioavailability of the microemulsion was about 205.55% compared to control solution.Conclusion: These results suggest that novel W/O microemulsion could be used as an effective formulation for improving the oral bioavailability of troxerutin.
Lu Gao,Yingying Zhao,Xiaowen Huo,Haitao Wang,Jun Li,Na Chang
Background Polyamide (PA) thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are mainly composed of nonwoven fabric layer, polysulfone (PSF) ultrafiltration support layer, and polyamide separation layer. The structure of PSF membrane plays a decisive role for the properties and morphology of the PA layer. However, the properties and structural parameters of PSF membranes suitable for fabricating high-performance RO membrane are ambiguous, and the relationship between the structure of PSF membrane and the property of PA layer are still unclear. Methods Here, PSF membranes with different cross-sectional structures, pore-size distributions, surface porosity, and hydrophilicity were prepared by introducing PEG with different molecular weight and concentration, which altered the viscosity of the casting solution and the solvent/nonsolvent exchange rate. Based on these PSF membranes, RO membranes were fabricated to investigate the impact of PSF membrane on the structure of PA layer. Significant findings PSF membrane with larger pore-size (> 100 nm) and hydrophobic surface resulted to defects of the PA layer due to the uneven dispersion of the MPD-containing aqueous solution, while PSF membrane with relative high porosity (3–5 %) and hydrophilic surface lead to irregular PA layer originated from excessive penetration of aqueous solution to the PSF membrane. Thus, PSF membranes suitable for the formation of uniform and dense PA thin-layer should have a relatively dense cross-sectional structure, smaller pore-size (40–60 nm) and lower surface porosity (<3 %).
Shu-Ya Pang,Hao-Ran Zuo,Guo-Dong Ma,Ming Duan,Xin-Liang Li
The morphology and performance of polyamide active layer can be controlled by the pore size and surface porosity of support layer. Nevertheless, further investigation is required to elucidate the impact of pore distribution and the specific role of each pore. Therefore, by introducing polyetherimide (PEI) as a sacrificial top layer, the support layer with a wide pore distribution was prepared by co-casting method. A mathematical model was developed to enable the estimation of the impact of each pore radius and pore distribution on the structure and performance of the active layer. During interfacial polymerization process, the surface pore size and distribution of the support layer influenced the incipient film which consists of the polyamide colloids and dominates the successive growth of polyamide layer. It was suggested that both average pore radius and pore distribution contributed to the composite of incipient film. The overall η of 1.77 for S75 corresponded to an incipient film composed of linear polyamide terminated with MPD and fully cross-linked polyamide, resulting in the best performing membrane (C75) with DC of 0.75 and structural parameter as low as 230 μm. A comparison of C75 with C0 revealed an increase in water flux of 138 % and a minor increase in salt flux of 6.37 %. This work presents a novel approach to enhancing the performance of FO membranes and offers a new perspective on the structure-effect relationship.
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