JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
·
2025
·Vol. 90
·期 3
·e70075
·
IF 3.4
Xuefeng Qu,Qinxi Wang,Zemi Xie,Yuejin Wu,Yangjunna Zhang,Zhen Liu,Yin Wang
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (red) is a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX, which could be used as algal-derived novel sustainable nutritional sources. However, the safety research on C. reinhardtii (red) remains insufficient and further investigation is needed. In order to assess the safety of C. reinhardtii (red) and to expand its use in food applications, a series of toxicological safety evaluations were carried out to observe acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity of C. reinhardtii (red). The C. reinhardtii (red) was administered to an acute oral toxicity test, mammalian micronucleus test, mouse chromosomal aberration test in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, and 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In the acute oral toxicological test, no mortality or abnormalities were observed in male and female rats, with an median lethal dose(Lethal Dose, 50%) (LD 50 ) exceeding 10.0 g/kg body weight (BW). Similarly, male and female mice exhibited no mortality or abnormalities, with an LD 50 surpassing 20.0 g/kg BW. The results of bacterial reverse mutation test, mammalian micronucleus test, and mouse chromosomal aberration test were all negative, suggesting that the C. reinhardtii (red) did not show mutagenicity under the conditions of this experiment. In a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study, the SD rats were orally administered daily doses of 2.0 g/kg BW, 4.0 g/kg BW, and 8.0 g/kg BW without exhibiting any signs or symptoms of toxicity. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of C. reinhardtii (red) was 8.0 g/kg BW/day. This study contributes to information necessary to form a basis for safety for expanding the application range of C. reinhardtii (red) in food. Practical Application The aim of this study was to assess the safety of C. reinhardtii (red) and to expand its use in food applications. The major finding of this study is that the C. reinhardtii (red) did not show acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity under the conditions of this experiment. This study contributes to information necessary to form a basis for safety for expanding the application range of C. reinhardtii (red) in food.
研究领域:
毒理学
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食品安全
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营养学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 3.69
Hailin Long,Xuehong Qiu,Li Cao,Guiqing Liu,Zhongchen Rao,Richou Han
Ethnopharmacological relevance The Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect- Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines and health food for ameliorating conditions associated with aging and for treating fatigue, night sweats, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, respiratory, renal and liver diseases, and hyposexuality. The natural Chinese cordyceps resource is rare due to its harsh growing environment, limited geographical distribution and global climate warming. Artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has been successfully established to meet its high demand in market. Aims of the study The present study aims to evaluate the toxicological safety of the cultivated Chinese cordyceps and provide scientific data for subsequent development and utilization of this valuable biological resource. Materials and methods The Chinese cordyceps was cultivated by mimicking the habitat environment in low-altitude areas and identified by morphological and microscopic characteristics. Its phytochemical profile was determined by the HPLC. Toxicological studies based on the cultivated Chinese cordyceps were conducted, including chromosomal aberration test of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, Ames test, acute toxicity test and micronucleus (MN) test of bone marrow cells. Results The Chinese cordyceps successfully cultivated in low-altitude areas exhibited the same morphological and microscopic characteristics as natural Chinese cordyceps. The adenosine content was in accordance with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). The HPLC fingerprint was determined and five main chromatographic peaks representing uracil, uridine, inosine, guanosine and adenosine were identified. No dose-dependent increase in the rates of chromosomal aberration was detected in the presence or absence of metabolic activation system. Ames test also demonstrated no dose-dependent increase in the number of reversion mutation for five bacterial strains, with or without rat liver microsomal enzyme mixture (S9) metabolic activation, at a quantity range of 128–5000 μg cultivated Chinese cordyceps per plate. The acute toxicity test with mice showed that after 20 g/kg oral administration of cultivated Chinese cordyceps, neither animal death nor any abnormal change in general dissection of various tissues and organs of the animals were found within 14 days. The median lethal dose (LD 50 ) was greater than 5 g/kg, which is regarded as a non-toxic level, and maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of cultivated Chinese cordyceps in ICR mice was more than 20 g/kg. MN test of mouse bone marrow cells indicated no significant differences among each sample dose and the negative control. Conclusion Based on the results from four toxicological tests, it was concluded that the cultivated Chinese cordyceps was classified as non-toxic in one single administration at high doses by intragastric route in mice. This study provides scientific experimental basis for its safety.
研究领域:
药理学
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毒理学
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传统中药研究
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Nano Materials
·
2020
·
IF 0
Jianhong Yang,Zhiyong Song,Jun Ma,Heyou Han
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, molybdenum (Mo)-based nanomaterials have been widely used in various fields, and the ensuing environmental behavior has also raised widespread concern. Here, we report the nanotoxic effects and mechanism of nano-Mo treatment on the soybean–rhizobia symbiotic system in the sterilized mixture of sand and vermiculite environment. Exposure to different concentrations and types of Mo-based nanomaterials was shown to have significant physiological and biochemical toxicity to soybean. The accumulation of Mo in plant tissues increased with the concentration of nano-Mo in the sand and vermiculite media. The Mo-based nanomaterials that enter plant tissues were found to affect not only the growth and development of plants, but also the microstructure of the roots and the activity of rhizobium in the symbiotic system, thereby weakening the nitrogen fixation capacity of the soybean–rhizobia symbiotic system. Meanwhile, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) showed a significant increase, indicating that these enzymes were activated after exposure to nano-Mo, which helps to remove the reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the treatment of high-concentration Mo nanoparticles was shown to have obvious epigenetic toxicity to plants. These results demonstrate that high concentrations of Mo nanoparticles can affect the agronomical and physiological parameters in soybean, which may impact human nutrition and health.
研究领域:
植物学
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环境科学
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分子生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
WATER RESEARCH
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2023
·
IF 12.8
Chao Fang,Wenyuan Yang,Nannan Lu,Rong Xiao,Zhenqi Du,Qi Wang,Wenhai Chu
The pH of chlorination is an important factor affecting the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this study, we discovered that the genotoxicity induced by chlorination can be effectively reduced under alkaline conditions. As the pH of chlorination increased from 6.5 to 8.5, the genotoxicity of investigated waters reduced by ∼30–90 %. By assessing the genotoxicity of the mixture of measured DBPs, it was found that the contribution of measured DBPs to the overall genotoxicity was lower than 5 %, and the significant reduction of genotoxicity was largely associated with unknown DBPs. The result of Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that humified organics and soluble microbial byproducts were likely responsible for the genotoxicity, and their derived genotoxic compounds (i.e., unknown DBPs) tended to decompose during alkaline chlorination. However, the control of genotoxicity by alkaline chlorination was achieved at the expense of promoting trihalomethane (THM) formation. The highest genotoxicity reduction (93 %) was observed for chlorinated granular activated carbon-treated waters, but the formation of THMs was promoted to a level approaching that in untreated waters. The inconsistent trend of overall genotoxicity and THM concentration during alkaline chlorination suggested the inadequacy of THMs as metric for DBP exposure, and considerations should also be given to the toxicity of bulk water in addition to regulated DBPs.
研究领域:
环境科学
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公共卫生
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2018
·
IF 4.946
Hossein Mohammadzadeh-Aghdash,Yousef Sohrabi,Ali Mohammadi,Dariush Shanehbandi,Parvin Dehghan,Jafar Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of sodium acetate (SA), sodium diacetate (SDA), and potassium sorbate (PS) was tested on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC). Cytotoxicity was investigated by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, while genotoxicity was evaluated using DNA fragmentation and DAPI staining assays. The growth of treated HUVECs with various concentrations of SA , SDA and PS decreased in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The IC50 of 487.71, 485.82 and 659.96 µM after 24 h and IC50 of 232.05, 190.19 and 123.95 µM after 48 h of treatment were attained for SA, SDA and PS, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis showed that early and late apoptosis percentage in treated cells was not considerable. Also neither considerable DNA fragmentation nor DNA smear was observed using DAPI staining and DNA ladder assays. Overall, it can be concluded that the aforementioned food additives can be used as safe additives at low concentration in food industry.
研究领域:
毒理学
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食品科学
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细胞生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2021
·
IF 7.086
Shunqi Dong,Yongze Liu,Li Feng,Liqiu Zhang
Peracetic acid (PAA) oxidation is an emerging technology in water disinfection and purification. This study evaluated the oxidation of three pyrazolone pharmaceuticals (i.e., Aminopyrine (AMP), Antipyrine (ANT), and Isopropylphenazone (PRP) by PAA. Experimental results showed that PAA exhibited structure selectivity to the above three pharmaceuticals and oxidized AMP with the highest reactivity. The degradation kinetics of AMP was investigated by calculating the apparent second-order rate constants ( k app ) under different initial pH. Through kinetic simulation, the second-order rate constants of elementary reactions between AMP (i.e., neutral (AMP 0 ) and protonated (AMP + ) species) with PAA (i.e., neutral (PAA 0 ) and anionic (PAA − ) species) were obtained to be 0.34 ± 0.077 M −1 s −1 ( k ” AMP+, PAA0 ), 0.89 ± 0.091 M −1 s −1 ( k ” AMP0, PAA- ) and 5.94 ± 0.142 M −1 s −1 ( k ” AMP0, PAA0 ), respectively. The PAA could oxidize AMP via electrophilic attack, and the degradation site of AMP was confirmed to be the central nitrogen of –N(CH 3 ) 2 with the highest relative electrophilicity ( s k - /s k + , 48.8614) by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. The intermediates/products of AMP degradation were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the transformation pathways of AMP during PAA oxidation were inferred to be hydroxylation, demethylation, and C C cleavage. The genetic toxicity of AMP contaminated water could be reduced after PAA oxidation, which was evaluated by the micronucleus test of Vicia faba root tips.
研究领域:
环境科学
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 4.5
Dantong Jia,Xiuqi You,Moran Tang,Yitao Lyu,Jingrun Hu,Weiling Sun
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are known to have genotoxicity to aquatic organisms. However, their genotoxicity mechanisms, individually and in combination with heavy metals, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the single and joint genotoxicity of FQs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin (ENR), and metals (Cd and Cu) at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.2 µM) to zebrafish embryos. We found that FQs or/and metals induced genotoxicity (i.e., DNA damage and cell apoptosis) to zebrafish embryos. Compared with their single exposure, the combined exposure of FQs and metals elicited less ROS overproduction but higher genotoxicity, suggesting other toxicity mechanisms may also act in addition to oxidation stress. The upregulation of nucleic acid metabolites and the dysregulation of proteins confirmed the occurrence of DNA damage and apoptosis, and further revealed the inhibition of DNA repair by Cd and binding of DNA or DNA topoisomerase by FQs. This study deepens the knowledge on the responses of zebrafish embryos to exposure of multiple pollutants, and highlights the genotoxicity of FQs and heavy metals to aquatic organisms.
研究领域:
环境科学
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·Vol. 105
·期 13
·5607-5616
·
IF 4.813
He Ying,Ding Haotian,Xia Xingya,Qi Wenyi,Wang Huaisong,Liu Wenyuan,Zheng Feng
Abstract Nitrosamine compounds, represented by N -nitrosodimethylamine, are regarded as potentially genotoxic impurities (PGIs) due to their hazard warning structure, which has attracted great attention of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities. At present, great research gaps exist in genotoxicity assessment and carcinogenicity comparison of nitrosamine compounds. In this work, a collection of GFP-fused yeast cells representing DNA damage repair pathways were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of eight nitrosamine compounds (10 −6 –10 5 μg/mL). The high-resolution expression profiles of GFP-fused protein revealed the details of the DNA damage repair of nitrosamines. Studies have shown that nitrosamine compounds can cause extensive DNA damage and activate multiple repair pathways. The evaluation criteria based on the total expression level of protein show a good correlation with the mammalian carcinogenicity data TD 50 , and the yeast cell collection can be used as a potential reliable criterion for evaluating the carcinogenicity of compounds. The assay based on DNA damage pathway integration has high sensitivity and can be used as a supplementary method for the evaluation of trace PGIs in actual production. Key points • The genotoxicity mechanism of nitrosamines was systematically studied . • The influence of compound structure on the efficacy of genotoxicity was explored . • GFP-fused yeast cells have the potential to evaluate impurities in production . Graphical abstract
研究领域:
毒理学
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分子生物学
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药学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
International Journal of Nanomedicine
·
2022
·
IF 7.033
Xiaorui Shi,Xinan Wang,Rong Huang,Chu Tang,Chong Hu,Pengbo Ning,Fu Wang
Background: Micro- and nano-sized plastics (MPs and NPs) have become an environmental issue of global concern due to their small size, strong bio-permeability and high specific surface area. However, few studies have assessed the effect of polystyrene MPs and NPs on human lung cells. In this research, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of polystyrene (PS) MPs and NPs with different sizes (2 μm and 80 nm) and surface modification (carboxy and amino functionalized polystyrene, pristine polystyrene) in A549 cells. Methods: The zeta potential and hydrodynamic particle size of five types of PS plastic solutions were measured by dynamic light scattering, and their morphology and degree of aggregation were observed by scanning electron microscopy. After incubation of the PS plastics with A549 cells, the uptake and toxicity of the cells were assessed by fluorescence microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, MTT, micronucleus formation assay, and reactive oxygen species. Results: The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of A549 cells caused by nano-level PS is more serious than that of micro-level. Compared with unmodified PS-NPs, more surface-functionalized PS-NPs were found inside the cells, especially the accumulation of PS-NH 2 . Cell viability and the induction of micronuclei (MN) are appreciably impacted in a dose-dependent way. Compared with pristine PS-NPs, functionalized PS-NPs showed stronger cell viability inhibitory ability, and induced more MN scores. Conclusion: This study shows that the intrinsic size properties and surface modification of PS plastics, the interaction between PS plastics and the receiving medium, intracellular accumulation are critical factors for evaluating the toxicological influences of PS plastics on humans.
研究领域:
环境科学
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毒理学
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生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
·
2023
·
IF 3.8
Yunkai Sun,Xiaoxia Wu,Meng Cao,Xiaoqiang Xue,Dongfang Jiang,Zhao Liu
In the classical route of synthesizing of avanafil, the last step of the reaction uses EDCI and HOBT as an acid and amine binding agent. HOBT may contain residues of hydrazine, and potential mutagenic impurities containing acylhydrazide structures may be formed. The intermediate product (M6) of avanafil was synthesized by 6 steps using diethyl ethoxylmethylmalonate and S-methyl isothiourea semisulfide as starting materials. The potentially genotoxic impurity E (Imp-E) of avanafil was given by the reaction of M6 and hydrazine sulfate acid amine, yield of 20%. The single crystal of Imp-E was cultivated by solvent volatilization method, and its structure was analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The Flack parameter of Imp-E was -0.03(3) by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis, and the absolute configuration of Imp-E was determined as S configuration. The intramolecular / intermolecular hydrogen bonds of Imp-E make the molecules maintain a stable arrangement in space.
研究领域:
药物化学
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晶体学
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毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2024
·
IF 12.2
Juan Wang,Xiangsheng Hong,Wang Liu,Le Zhang,Saihong Yan,Zhitong Li,Jinmiao Zha
As substitutes for bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol analogs (BPs) have raised concerns due to their frequent environmental detection and unclear safety. Here, the cytotoxicity, endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity, and genotoxicity of nine BPs and BPA were evaluated in three types of cell lines. Over half of the tested BPs exhibited greater cytotoxicity than BPA, with IC50 values showing a linear correlation with Log Kow (R²=0.69). All tested BPs exhibited at least one endocrine-disrupting effect, notably estrogenic, which was observable even at 0.01–0.1 μM. Importantly, BPAF and BPAP exposure had widespread endocrine-suppressing effects. Moreover, all BPs (except BPP) and BPA increased SH-SY5Y cells apoptosis at 1–10 μM. Only BPF and BPP significantly increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase levels, highlighting their notable effects on AhR activity. BPAF significantly induced DNA damage at 1.25 μM, whereas BPA, BPF, and BPP induced damage at 20, 25, and 25 μM, respectively. Finally, ToxPi, a weighted scoring system, was used to rank the comprehensive toxicity of BPs, with 7 of 9 BPs showing higher scores than BPA. Collectively, BPs generally exhibited stronger comprehensive toxicity compared with BPA, emphasizing the urgent need for further research to confirm their potential health implications.
研究领域:
毒理学
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环境科学
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生物医学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
·
2015
·
IF 2.031
Dan Wan,Xihong Zhou,Chunyan Xie,Xugang Shu,Xin Wu,Yulong Yin
Iron is an essential trace element that is vital important in various biological process. A deficiency in iron could induce public health problem e.g. anaemia, while an overload could induce ROS production, lipid peroxidation and DNA bases modifications. In the present study, a new iron fortifier was synthesized, and its acute/sub-acute toxicity was investigated. According to the improved Karber's method, the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) of the ferrous N-carbamylglycinate in SD rat was 3.02 g/kg and the 95% confidence intervals were between 2.78 and 3.31 g/kg. No biologically significant or test substance-related differences were observed in body weights, feed consumption, clinical signs, organ weights, histopathology , ophthalmology, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters in any of the treatment groups of ferrous N-carbamylglycinate at target concentrations corresponding to 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/day for 28 days. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for ferrous N-carbamylglycinate was at least 600 mg/kg b.w. day in rats. In addition, no evidence of mutagenicity was found, either in vitro in bacterial reverse mutation assay or in vivo in mice bone marrow micronucleus assay and sperm shape abnormality assay. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that ferrous N-carbamylglycinate is a low-toxic substance with no genotoxicity .
研究领域:
营养学
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毒理学
·
分子生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）