FIBERS AND POLYMERS
·
2021
·Vol. 22
·期 10
·2664-2672
·
IF 2.153
Li Jiahe,Wu Weihong,Meng Weihua,Zhang Weiwei,Zhou Zhaoxi,Wang Tian,Xu Jianzhong,Qu Hongqiang
In this study, we designed a new flame retardant to improve the fire safety performance of epoxy resin (EP). Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) was derived from melamine through a solid-phase reaction, after which nickel ammonium phosphate nanowires (NiNH 4 PO 4 ·H 2 O) were grown on the g-C 3 N 4 using a hydrothermal method. The resulting material (g-C 3 N 4 /NiNH 4 PO 4 ·H 2 O) was a halogen-free flame retardant containing effective flame-retardant elements such as C, N, P, and Ni. Subsequently, g-C 3 N 4 /NiNH 4 PO 4 ·H 2 O was added to EP to test its fire resistance and mechanical properties. When the amount of g-C 3 N 4 /NiNH 4 PO4·H 2 O was 5 phr (per hundred resin), the peak of smoke production rate and peak heat release rate of the EP composite were reduced by 35.42 and 70.4 %, respectively, compared to those of pure EP. Meanwhile, the limiting oxygen index of the EP composite was enhanced to 30.0 % from 24.5 % (pure EP). Finally, the flame-retardant mechanisms of the gas phase and condensed phase were explored.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Scientific Reports
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 1
·1-12
·
IF 3.998
Bo Caiying,Shi Zhongyu,Hu Lihong,Pan Zheng,Hu Yun,Yang Xiaohui,Jia Puyou,Ren Xiaoli,Zhang Meng,Zhou Yonghong
A novel eco-friendly halogen-free cardanol-based flame retardant with P, Si, and N on the chain backbone (PSNCFR) was synthesized and incorporated into phenolic foams (PFs). PSNCFR was comprehensively investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. PSNCFR endowed PFs with flame retardancy, contributed to generating a composite char defense against flames, and efficiently prevented smoking from PFs. PSNCFR introduction improved the flexural strength of the PFs to approximately 155% of that of pristine PF. PSNCFR-modified PFs displayed a high limiting oxygen index value of 41.9%. The results of cone calorimeter show that the mean heat release rate, mean effective heat of combustion, and total heat release of the PSNCFR-modified PFs reduced by 26.92%, 35.71%, and 31.25%, respectively. In particular, the total smoke production of the PSNCFR-modified PFs decreased by 64.55%, indicating excellent smoke inhibition. As for the mechanism, the condensation and gas phases during pyrolysis were responsible for the synergistic flame retardancy in the modified PFs. The findings demonstrate that PSNCFR can be used in PF preparation to overcome their drawbacks of internal brittleness and flammability.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Yao Deng,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,Hang-Ping Fang,De-Yi Wang
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), widely utilized as a thermal insulation material, presents considerable fire safety concerns. The combustion of RPUF generates significant heat, which poses serious risks to both human health and the environment. In an effort to improve the flame retardancy of RPUF while preserving its thermal insulation and compressive properties, this research introduced a novel flame retardant, DOPO-AZ, synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and 2-aminothiazole (AZ). The incorporation of 17 wt% DOPO-AZ into RPUF resulted in the composite achieving a UL-94 V-0 classification, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increasing from 19.5 % to 24 %, and a reduction of 27.9 % in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to pure RPUF. This study successfully enhanced flame retardancy while maintaining the thermal conductivity of RPUF at 0.034 W/(m·K), comparable to that of pure RPUF, and significantly improved its compressive strength by 25.8 %. The synergistic flame-retardant mechanisms of the RPUF/DOPO-AZ 17 composite in both condensed and gas phases were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the future design of more effective flame-retardant systems.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
E-POLYMERS
·
2022
·Vol. 22
·期 1
·411-429
·
IF 3.074
Wenhao Yu,Weijun Yang,Pengwu Xu,Chunfa Dai,Qingsheng Liu,Piming Ma
The application of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been limited in flame-retardant field, and flame-retardant modification usually deteriorates its mechanical properties. In this study, a reactive flame-retardant hexa(ethylene oxide)-cyclotriphosphazene (HCCP-EP) was synthesized and used to improve the fire retardancy of PLA. As a result, the limiting oxygen index of PLA increased from 19.5% to 27.3% with an addition of 3 wt% HCCP-EP, and the PLA/HCCP-EP blend reached to underwriters laboratories (UL)-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PLA decreased by 12.6% and 18.5%, respectively. Interestingly, the tensile strength of PLA increased slightly after the incorporation of HCCP-EP. The improved mechanical properties are ascribed to the fine dispersion of HCCP-EP and the coupling reaction between the epoxy groups of the HCCP-EP and the terminal groups of PLA during the melt processing.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2024
·Vol. 141
·期 14
·e55196
·
IF 2.7
Jin Wang,Xiaoyue Shen,Mengwei Jiang,Fang Zhou,Yupeng Zhang
Diatomite (DIA) particles are commonly employed as flame-retardant additives for polymers, yet their intrinsic inefficiency requires substantial quantities for optimal efficacy. To address this issue, we proposed a novel approach involving the microencapsulation of DIA with polyethylene glycol phosphate (PEGP) to enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). Characterization of the prepared DIA@PEGP utilized scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulting EP composite, DIA@PEGP-4/EP, achieved a limiting oxygen index of 33.2% and achieved a V-0 level in vertical combustion tests. Compared to EP, DIA@PEGP-4/EP demonstrated significantly improved fire performance, with 38.6%, 47.8%, 25.0%, 41.3%, and 60.4% reduction in peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, total smoke production, and CO yield. Furthermore, the highest FPI value of 0.080 m 2 ·s/kW for DIA@PEGP-1/EP and the lowest FGI value of 8.734 kW/m 2 ·s for DIA@PEGP-4/EP, indicate that the incorporation of DIA@PEGP into EP enhances its fire safety. The flame retardancy mechanism of DIA@PEGP-4 involves the formation of a phosphorus-containing aromatic carbon layer during EP char formation, capturing radicals in the gas phase during combustion.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Delai Jiao,Hengji Zhao,Haofei Sima,Chunzu Cheng,Bo Liu,Chunling Zhang
In this work, we synthesized a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative flame retardant dopamine modified DOPO (DOPO-DA) for flame retardant thermosetting epoxy resins (EP). The effects of different amounts of flame retardants on the flame retardancy, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of EP composites were studied. Compared with the control EP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/5 wt% DOPO-DA decreased by 26.1%. In addition, EP/5 wt% DOPO-DA reached V-0 level. It can be attributed to the quenching effect of P element and catechol groups in DOPO-DA, reducing the active free radicals. N element can release non-combustible gases to dilute the concentration of oxygen. Meanwhile, P element can promote the formation of a dense carbon protective layer and slow down the heat and oxygen transfer on the surface. In addition, DOPO-DA can also participate in the crosslinking reaction of EP as a curing promoter, reducing crosslinking density and improving tensile properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2024
·
IF 6.3
Mingming Yu,Zhimin Gao,Wang Xie,Xiaochao Shi,Ousheng Zhang,Zhigang Shen,Lin Fang,Musu Ren,Jinliang Sun
The oxidation state of phosphorus has a great influence on the flame retardant action of its flame retardants. In this study, a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (POG-DOPO) with both low and high phosphorus oxidation states is synthesised and incorporated into epoxy resin. The results show that the part in high oxidation state act mainly in the condensed phase and the part in low oxidation state act mainly in the gas phase. Furthermore, the flame retardant exhibits a synergistic flame retardant effect, resulting in a higher flame retardant efficiency than that of flame retardants with a single phosphorus oxidation state. Compared with unmodified epoxy resin, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate and total smoke release of POG-DOPO modified epoxy resin with only 3wt% phosphorus are reduced by 70.9%, 51.2% and 55.7%, respectively. Its LOI increases to 31.8% and vertical combustion test achieves UL-94 V-0 rating. This study provides a strategy for the structural design of efficient phosphorus-based flame retardants.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Ruihong Qin,Yinghao Song,Mei Niu,Baoxia Xue,Liyuan Liu
In this study, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was coated on the surface of carbon microspheres (CMSs) to synthesize the CMSs-APP (CA) three-in-one intumescent flame retardant (IFR). Then, CA was coated the surface of polyester fabric (CAP) by flame retardant finishing method to improve the flame retardant of polyester fabric. Morphology, thermal, flame retardant and other properties of CAP was characterized by SEM, TG, LOI, UL94 and CONE. The results show that when two layers of flame retardant (CMSs-APP) coated on polyester fabric (CAP2), the LOI value of CAP2 was 28.1% and the burning rating reached B1 class with no droplet drop during the UL94 test. The residue char has increased by 22.2%. The CA coating significantly reduced the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) of the polyester fabric, with the HRR reduced by 51.0%, and produced a more stable and compact carbon layer during combustion. Moreover, the coated polyester fabric has excellent washing durability. Overall, CA flame retardant was coated the surface of polyester fabric endowed the polyester fabric with good flame retardant, broadening its scope of application.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
防火安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2019
·Vol. 26
·期 4
·2715-2728
·
IF 3.917
Huang Shuo,Zhong Ling,Li Shengnan,Liu Mingsheng,Zhang Zhao,Zhang Fengxiu,Zhang Guangxian
Abstract A novel bio-based flame retardant ammonium salt of sodium glutamate tetramethylenephosphonic acid (ASGTMPA) was synthesized for cotton. The structure of ASGTMPA was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance. When the concentration of ASGTMPA was 30%, the limit oxygen index of treated cotton fabric reached 39.5% and was 26.3% after 50 laundering cycles. TG and TG-IR results suggested that ASGTMPA-treated cotton remarkably promoted dehydration of cellulose to form char and reduced production of flammable volatiles. Cone calorimetry and thermogravimetry tests indicated that the ASGTMPA-treated cotton fabric had a lower decomposing temperature and promoted char formation, with peak heat release rate and total heat release lower than those of unfinished cotton fabrics. In a vertical flammability test, the treated cotton fabric showed no after-flame or after-glow, and the char length was 35 mm. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed that ASGTMPA combined with cellulose through P–O–C and –COOC– covalent bonds. SEM images revealed that the morphologies of the original and treated cotton fibers were similar. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
·
2022
·
IF 4.458
Yang He,Xiaoyan Shu,Lingshuang Li,Mingfen Wen,Guilin Wei,Yuexiang Lu,Yi Xie,Faqin Dong,Shunzhang Chen,Kuibao Zhang,Xirui Lu
Based on the chemical composition and secondary diagenetic property, one type of natural aluminosilicate was proposed as an immobilization matrix for the simulated An 3+ waste (Nd 2 O 3 ). The results show that sintering at 1500 °C for 6 h can be used as a prerequisite for the preparation of the waste form. The loading content of Nd 2 O 3 in the waste form dominated by the glass-ceramic structure can reach 16 wt.%. In this system, as a glass modifier, Nd 2 O 3 improves the mechanical properties of the sample by adjusting the density of Si-O skeleton or by participating in the construction of glass-ceramics. Among them, Nd 3+ attaches to the glass network as a charge compensator, or participates in the crystal. The normalized elemental release rate of Nd is maintained at the order of 10 −5 or below, and approaches equilibrium after 28 days, indicating that the sample own considerable resistance to the harsh environment.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
核废料管理
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 5.8
Zexi Zhao,Zhen Yang,Wentao Shen,Zhiyong Zhang,Caiying Sun,Miaojun Xu,Bin Li
In this article, a macromolecular phosphorus-nitrogen containing flame retardant defined as PDPSB was incorporated into epoxy resins (EP). The fire safety, flame-retardant mechanism and mechanical properties of EP/PDPSB thermosets were systematically investigated. The EP-5 sheets containing 5 wt% PDPSB passed V-0 level in the vertical burning tests (UL-94) with a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.9%. The results of cone calorimeter tests (CCT) revealed that both the emission of heat and smoke for EP/PDPSB thermosets was substantially suppressed. Compared to pure EP, the values for peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP-5 were dropped by 19.4%, 31.5% and 33.0%, respectively. Remarkably, the char residue mass of EP-5 was enhanced by 87.7%. The maximum smoke density (D s, max ) was slashed by 18.9%. Furthermore, the tensile, flexural and charpy impact strength of EP-5 were maintained to 97.3%, 95.1% and 86.9%, respectively. The investigation of flame-retardant mechanism demonstrated PDPSB exerted flame retardant effect both in condensed and gaseous phase by the scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), laser Raman spectra (LRS) and thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). As PDPSB was a one-component multifunctional additive renowned for its exceptional efficiency, it was anticipated to facilitate the advancement of high-performance epoxy thermosets via researching on EP/PDPSB thermosets.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
防火安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CELLULOSE
·
2021
·Vol. 28
·期 11
·7405-7419
·
IF 5.044
Gou Tingting,Wu Xin,Zhao Qianyu,Chang Shuo,Wang Peng
Abstract A phosphorus/nitrogen-rich oligomer with numerous reactive groups (PEI-P) was synthesized and used as highly efficient durable flame retardant for cotton fabric. The O=P–ONH 4 and O=P–OH groups in PEI-P reacted with O–H group in cellulose during finishing process. PEI-P triggered the decomposition of cotton fabric in advance, while markedly increased the char yield at high temperature. Treated fabrics showed superior flame resistance and durability. With the add-on of 19.3%, treated fabric achieved an LOI value of 38.7%. It self-extinguished even after 50 laundering cycles during vertical burning test. The PHRR and THR decreased by 86.10% and 65.11% in contrast to control fabric, respectively. PEI-P exerted gaseous and condensed flame-retardant effects by restraining the release of flammable volatiles, producing nonflammable gases and catalyzing the formation of stable phosphorus/nitrogen-rich char layers. Compared to control fabric, treated fabrics obtained well-maintained crystal structure and physical properties. Graphic abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）