Lixin Zang,Huimin Zhao,Jianyu Hua,Feng Qin,Yangdong Zheng,Zhiguo Zhang,Wenwu Cao
A mechanism for the enhanced room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of gadolinium-coordinated hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Gd-HMME) in the presence of imidazole and free gadolinium ions (Gd3+) is revealed. Imidazole, the molten solvent used in the synthesis of Gd-HMME, was effective in enhancing the Gd-HMME RTP. In the presence of imidazole, further enhancement of the Gd-HMME RTP was observed upon adding Gd3+. Overall, a 40-fold enhancement of Gd-HMME RTP intensity was achieved by adding both imidazole and Gd3+. In addition, there was an increase in the RTP lifetime. Through spectroscopic analysis, we deduced that a protective medium is formed by the imidazole and the degree of this protection is further increased by Gd3+. The protective medium enhances the Gd-HMME RTP by partially inhibiting energy transfer from the lowest triplet state of Gd-HMME to oxygen. This was demonstrated by the presence of lower levels of singlet oxygen in the Gd-HMME solution after the addition of imidazole. These results indicate that imidazole could have potential application as an RTP enhancer or triplet state protector.
Yang Chen,Wei Liu,Yue Shang,Peipei Cao,Jianlin Cui,Zongjin Li,Xuebo Yin,Yuhao Li
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and severely threatens human health. Since the prognosis of advanced HCC remains poor, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches. Porphyrin metal-organic frameworks are a class of porous organic-inorganic hybrid functional materials with good biocompatibility. Methods Gadolinium-porphyrin metal-organic frameworks were used as a skeleton for folic acid (FA) conjugation to synthesize a novel type of nanoparticle, denoted as folic acid-nanoscale gadolinium-porphyrin metal-organic frameworks (FA-NPMOFs). The FA-NPMOFs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis. The biotoxicity and imaging capability of the FA-NPMOFs were determined using HepG2 cells and embryonic and larval zebrafish. The delivery and photodynamic therapeutic effect of FA-NPMOFs were explored in transgenic zebrafish with doxycycline-induced HCC. Results FA-NPMOFs were spherical in structure with good dispersion and water solubility. They showed low biotoxicity, emitted bright red fluorescence, and exhibited an excellent magnetic resonance imaging capability, both in vitro and in vivo . Meanwhile, the FA-NPMOFs exhibited a strong affinity for folate receptor (FR)-expressing cells and were delivered to the tumor site in a targeted manner. Moreover, HCC tumor cells were eliminated following laser irradiation. Conclusion FA-NPMOFs can be used for dual-modality imaging and photodynamic therapy in HCC and show promise for use as a carrier in new therapies for HCC and other FR-positive tumors.
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