Heteroatom-doped carbon materials and their composites have attracted great interest as efficient electrocatalysts for high-performance electrochemical water splitting. Herein, a series of nitrogen- and boron-codoped graphene nanoplatelets ((B, N)x-GnPs1–x (x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8)) and their ruthenium composites (Ruy@((B, N)0.5-GnPs0.5)1–y (y = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4)) were synthesized as highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. (B, N)x-GnPs1–x were prepared by a ball-milling approach followed by the activation of H2O, while Ruy@((B, N)0.5-GnPs0.5)1–y were synthesized by a simple self-assembly approach. The optimal composite, Ru0.1@((B, N)0.5-GnPs0.5)0.9, demonstrates excellent activity in 1 M KOH, requiring low overpotentials of 55 (HER) and 297 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm–2, along with low Tafel slopes and good stability. When employed as both the anode and cathode in a full water electrolyzer, it achieves a low cell voltage of 1.753 V at 10 mA cm–2 and maintains stable operation for over 65 h.
Chronic refractory wounds present substantial clinical difficulties, owing to their complex wound microenvironments featuring bacterial colonization, sustained inflammation, and deficient angiogenesis. Existing treatment options often fall short of concurrently overcoming these interconnected obstacles, underscoring the demand for integrated therapeutic platforms that combine antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties. Drawing inspiration from natural peroxisomes, a lattice-reconstructed Ru-clusters are designed on FeOOH-based self-adaptive artificial peroxisome with programmed reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation for infectious and inflammatory chronic wounds. Within this architecture, electron-rich Ru clusters and hole-rich FeOOH domains establish an efficient electron-transfer network. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that this distinctive electronic structure lowers reaction energy barriers, enabling pH-switchable ROS-catalytic behaviors. Under acidic wound pH, LR-RuC@FeOOH catalyzes ROS generation to disrupt bacterial metabolism and eliminate infections, while under neutral conditions, it efficiently scavenges ROS to alleviate oxidative stress and support tissue repair, enabling a logically sequenced therapeutic progression from infection control to inflammation resolution. In vivo experiments using diabetic foot ulcers confirmed that LR-RuC@FeOOH significantly enhanced bacterial clearance, attenuated inflammatory responses, stimulated neovascularization, and accelerated wound closure. These results position LR-RuC@FeOOH as an artificial peroxisome with stage-specific therapies and promising translational potential for the treatment of refractory diabetic wounds and other infection-related pathologies.
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