Vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) is an attractive high-energy cathode material for thermal batteries but is limited by the high solubility and tendency to react with halogenic molten salt. Li x V 2 O 5 (0 < x ≤ 1) are expected to take the place of V 2 O 5 as the promising cathode materials in thermal batteries. In this work, Li x V 2 O 5 were successfully synthesized by the high-efficiency and low-cost method, which uses the molten salt as lithium source and through a brief-time sintered process (900 °C for 15 s). Li x V 2 O 5 /molten salt electrode with CNTs conductive agent exhibits an original discharge voltage with 2.51 V and a specific capacity up to 309.46 mA h g −1 . The high chemical stabilization between Li x V 2 O 5 and molten salt which could increase interfacial structure stabilization and improve the transmission rate of Li + . Besides, CNTs could build the continuous electron transport channels in active cathode inter-particles and improve the utilization rate of Li x V 2 O 5 . This paper not only prepares the Li x V 2 O 5 cathode materials with high specific capacity via a simple method, but also provides insights into the phase evolution process of V 2 O 5 based cathode electrodes during discharge process of thermal batteries.
Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres with isomeric core-shell structure were synthesized by a rapid cooling and subsequent evaporative assembly approach. The prepared Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) including elemental mapping analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The core-shell Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres display identical composition but distinct texture of cores and shells, which herein is described as isomeric structure. Amorphous carbon nanodots are uniformly dispersed in the crystalline Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 matrix in the core. In the shell however, Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 nanoparticles are embedded in an amorphous carbon network. The Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres are tested as active material for anodes in lithium-ion batteries, and exhibit an excellent reversible capacity of 295 mAh g −1 , high capacity retention of 98 % after 100 cycles at 0.2 C and 95 % after 500 cycles at 2 C rate, and deliver wonderful rate capability of 250 mAh g −1 at 5 C. Thus, the Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres with isomeric core-shell structure are promising candidates as anode material for commercial lithium-ion batteries. Graphical In a nutshell : Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres are synthesized as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The Li 1.1 V 0.9 O 2 /C microspheres display identical composition but distinct texture of cores and shells, which herein is described as isomeric structure. As anodes in lithium-ion batteries, the microspheres exhibit excellent overall electrochemical performance, rendering this material as promising candidate for the use in commercial lithium-ion batteries.
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