Commercially available 9-bromophenanthrene (9-BrP) was used as fluorescence probe for determination of trace palladium (Pd). Under the catalysis of Pd 2+ , 9-BrP is converted to phenanthrene, which can emit stronger fluorescence. Consequently, fluorescence of Pd sample is greatly enhanced, and the enhancement is positively correlated with the concentration of Pd 2+ . The catalytic reaction exhibits excellent selectivity and specificity, which enables a simplification on the pre-treatment of real sample. The method has a wide linear range of 0.07–18 μM and a detection limit of 50 nM for Pd 2+ . Detection and recovery experiments of Pd in lake water, Pd-carbon catalyzer and surface soil are also satisfactory, indicating that the method has better feasibility and application potential in routine determination of Pd.
A fluorescent probe based on the Tsuji–Trost reaction was developed for detecting palladium species of all the typical oxidation states (0, +2, +4). In this probe, a novel fused four-ring quinoxalinamine was firstly designed as the fluorophore. The probe displayed high selectivity towards palladium with a distinct color change in aqueous media. Non-toxic and water-soluble PEG400 was used to replace the phosphine ligands and the reducing agents. In the absence of PEG400, the probe could discriminate Pd(0) from Pd(II) and Pd(IV) in solutions. The actual water sample detection and bio-imaging results indicated the probe's great potential for palladium detection in both solutions and living systems.
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