RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
·
2024
·
IF 11.2
Hong Yu,Long Liu,Mingxia Liu,Hanquan Zhang,Run Mao
Red mud (RM) and phosphogypsum (PG) are both large-scale industrial solid wastes, which cause waste of resources reserved in them and pose a huge threat to the environment if not treated appropriately. Guide by the concept of “waste control by waste”, the individual and cooperated effect of PG and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) on iron recovering from RM through reductive roasting-magnetic separation process was comparably investigated. Systematical factorial tests verified the advantage of binary additive. An iron concentrate with iron grade and recovery of 89.02 % and 87.46 % was obtained under the optimized conditions. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that iron oxides were converted to metallic iron through reductive roasting, along with which PG was beneficial for the releasing of iron from complex iron-hosting minerals to a certain extent while binary additive was even more efficient for the reducing, decomposing and grain growing processes. This work realizes the simultaneous utilization of both waste resources.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2023
·
IF 7.4
Yuan Zhang,Yongshuai Wang,Hongyou Cui,Fang Wang,Zhihe Li,Changhua Sun,Yun Jia,Yujiao Xie,Feng Song,Jiangang Wang,Weiming Yi
Co-pyrolysis of biomass with Red Mud was used to boost up the quality of the produced bio-oil and recover iron from Red Mud. The influences of five different biomass species and impregnation pretreatment were investigated. It was found that co-pyrolysis could significantly improve the bio-oil quality, decreasing the acidity from 173.28 to 1.18 mg KOH/g due to the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids into ketones under the catalysis of Red Mud and boosting up the HHV from 20.05 to 31.80 MJ/kg with an energy efficiency of 72.56%. Meanwhile, the soluble alkalinity of Red Mud declined from 65.34 to 5.26 mg HCl/g, which is very crucial to mitigate the harmfulness and perniciousness to the environment. The characterizations of XRD, 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and XPS confirmed that the weak magnetic Fe 2 O 3 and FeOOH in Red Mud could be completely transformed into stronger magnetic Fe 3 O 4 . For this reason, the magnetic separation iron recovery reached up to 92.25% with iron grade of 66.12%. The findings in the research not only open the avenue for efficient biomass conversion to high quality fuels, but also provide an efficient approach to resourceful utilization of Red Mud.
研究领域:
能源与环境科学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
International Journal of Mining Science and Technology
·
2025
·
IF 13.7
Na Zhao,Qiang Zhang,Hongwei Ma,Yongsheng Sun,Peng Gao,Zhao Cao,Zhenyue Zhang
The storage of solid waste in Bayan Obo has resulted in significant resource wastage and environmental concerns. In this study, an efficient process was developed to recover iron and rare earth elements (REEs) from this waste by processes of hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT), magnetic separation, and flotation. Under optimal HMPT conditions (525 °C, 12.5 min, and 30% H 2 concentration), an iron concentrate with a TFe grade of 64.09% and a recovery of 95.33% was obtained. The magnetic properties of the solid waste were greatly enhanced by HMPT, allowing the effective magnetic separation of iron minerals. Further optimization of the flotation process resulted in a REEs concentrate with a rare earth oxide (REO) grade of 65%–70% and a REEs recovery of 60%–65%. Hematite was reduced to magnetite during HMPT, and bastnaesite was decomposed to REEs oxides and fluorides, and the particle structure was significantly destroyed. However, changes in monazite, fluorite, and barite were minimal.
研究领域:
环境科学
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冶金工程
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2019
·
IF 6.395
Wuming Xie,Fengping Zhou,Jingyong Liu,Xiaolin Bi,Zijun Huang,Yuhui Li,Dongdong Chen,Haiyuan Zou,Shuiyu Sun
A large amounts of red mud (RM) and spent pot lining (SPL) produced during aluminum extraction and electrolysis are restricting the sustainable development of aluminum industry. In this study, an integrated route for synergistic reutilization of RM and SPL was proposed to deal with this dilemma. To improve the recovery efficiency of metallic Fe, Si and Al were firstly extracted from RM to synthesize 4A-zeolite. Afterwards, reductive roasting process was employed for iron recovery using SPL as reducing agent. Metallic Fe obtained from the reductive roasting were collected by wet magnetic separation to yield valuable iron concentrate from nonmagnetic residues. Thermodynamic studies using Factsage 7.1 software were implemented to determine the transformation of mineral phases, and orthogonal design experiments containing various parameters like SPL blend ratio, temperature, and retention time were investigated to optimize the conditions. The reductive process performed at blend ratio of 7 wt%, temperatures of 900 °C and 240 min retention time under N 2 atmosphere induced higher conversion yield of metallic Fe (88.84 wt%). Soluble fluorides in SPL resulted in its hazardous properties, but the formation of cuspidine (Ca 4 Si 2 F 2 O 7 ) in nonmagnetic residues suggested that the route not only reutilized valuable components, but also stabilized the hazardous element.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy
·
2024
·Vol. 10
·期 4
·2630-2645
·
IF 2.5
Wu Zi-wang,Wang Lai-xin,Li Jing-wei,Lin Yin-he,Wang Da-long,Zhang Lin,Fan Yu-hang,Tang Wen-ming,Chen Hong-sheng
Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) is a complex polymetallic symbiotic mineral dominated by iron, titanium, and vanadium. Iron extraction from VTM is an issue for the utilization of Vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate. In this work, flotation method combined with magnetic sorting was proposed to separate and recover the iron resources from VTM. The reverse cationic flotation of iron ore in VTM was carried out with polyetheramine (PEA, molecular weight of 2000) as collector, and the differences of iron grade and recovery in VTM with different particle sizes were studied. The magnetic separation result shows that the iron grade of the magnetic part is 28.38% with the particle size 100–74 μm, which is 10% higher than the iron grade of the raw ore. The flotation results of magnetic separation products show that PEA-2000 can effectively separate and recover iron from VTM. The iron grade of the magnetic part is increased to 47.27% after flotation process at particle size 100–74 μm, pulp pH 4, PEA-2000 concentration 1 × 10 −4 mol/L, and pulp concentration 10 g/L. The mechanism of flotation separation of Fe from VTM by PEA-2000 was analyzed by zeta potential test, FT-IR test, and XPS test. PEA is adsorbed on the surface of silicate in VTM by electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bond adsorption, and the iron phase minerals are mutually repulsive, which realizes the separation of iron. The model of iron separation by flotation of PEA-2000 was established. Graphical
研究领域:
矿物加工工程
·
材料科学与工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2023
·
IF 7.7
Yuhui Li,Meina Guo,Nan Zhao,Hailing Jiang,Fengping Zhou,Wuming Xie,Weihua Zhang
Spent pot-lining (SPL) and red mud (RM) are significant industrial solid wastes generated from the aluminum industry, holding valuable potential as secondary resources. This study addresses the pressing challenges of mitigating fluoride emissions resulting from the pyrometallurgical process of SPL and recovering iron (Fe) components from RM. To achieve these objectives, a synergetic reduction-stabilization process via co-calcination was proposed. During co-calcination, the carbonaceous content of SPL acts as a reducing agent, facilitating the reduction of Fe oxides in RM to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The recovered Fe 3 O 4 was efficiently separated through magnetic separation with 66.9% recovery efficiency. Additionally, the co-calcination process synergistically stabilizes fluoride emissions from SPL due to the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) in RM. This results in fluoride emissions reacting with CaO to form insoluble fluorite (CaF 2 ), leading to significantly reduced fluoride leaching concentrations (18.3 mg L −1 ), well below national recommended standards (100 mg L −1 ). Mineral transformations revealed that Na 3 AlF 6 from SPL decomposed into NaF, AlF 3 , and HF, with subsequent reactions with CaO leading to CaF 2 formation. The selectivity of element combinations among Ca-Fe-F-O can be attributed to the distinct ionic potentials in the HF-CaO-Fe 2 O 3 -C system, where CaF 2 arose from a hard acid (Ca(II))-hard base (F - ) interaction, and Fe 2 O 3 reduction was influenced by the weaker bonding between soft base O 2- and borderline acid Fe(III)/Fe(II) repulsion, according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) theory. This proposed synergistic utilization approach not only detoxifies harmful fluoride emissions but also offers a sustainable method for Fe recovery, holding significant potential for environmental and economic benefits in the context of aluminum industry waste management practices.
研究领域:
环境科学
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冶金工程
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Materials Research and Technology-JMR&T
·
2025
·
IF 6.6
Sihan Wang,Guishuai Wang,Zhanwei He,Xudong Mao,Mangmang Gao,Chou Kuo-Chih
With the increasing depletion of mineral resources and growing environmental pressures, the resource utilization of industrial solid waste has become crucial for sustainable development. Aiming at copper slag, a typical metallurgical solid waste, a phase-controlled oxidation modification method using CaO-MgO as modifier under high temperature was proposed in this study, which realized the efficient separation and recovery of iron and silicon resources. Through the systematic investigation of key parameters including oxidation temperature, basicity, and holding time, combined with characterization techniques such as XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, and XPS, the phase transformation mechanism during the oxidation modification process was elucidated. The results showed that the basicity determined the presence form of iron and silicon, the temperature regulated the ion diffusion conditions, and the holding time affected the crystalline integrity of (Mg,Fe 2+ )Fe 2 O 4 . Under optimal conditions (oxidation temperature: 1300 °C, basicity: 2.0, holding time: 60 min), the iron element was effectively enriched to (Mg,Fe 2+ )Fe 2 O 4 and silicon element was converted to Ca 2 SiO 4 , forming distinct phase boundaries favorable for separation. After magnetic separation, the iron recovery rate was 85.83%, the total iron of the concentrate was 46.18%, and the content of Si, P, and S was reduced. The concentrate is suitable for direct recycling as ironmaking raw material in steel plants, and the Ca 2 SiO 4 -rich tailings can be utilized as construction materials to achieve synergistic "waste reduction-resource recovery" treatment of copper slag. This study provides new insights for high value utilization of metallurgical wastes, while offering practical solutions to alleviate resource pressures and environmental risks.
研究领域:
冶金工程
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环境科学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Yaozhi Zhang,Bingru Wang,Fang Wang,Yasen Dai,Shuhang Ren,Yucui Hou,Weize Wu
This work designs a new method for recovering spent LiFePO 4 cathode materials, aiming to address issues with traditional hydrometallurgy processes such as complex operations, low lithium recovery rates, and high wastewater discharge. The method involves using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of chloroacetic acid and ethanol, and oxygen as an oxidant, for the cooperative leaching of LiFePO 4 powders. Based on the acidic nature of the DES and the oxidizing properties of oxygen, LiFePO 4 was undergone an in-situ transformation into solid FePO 4 , while 100% of lithium was dissolved in the DES with high selectivity. The FePO 4 product can be recovered by filtration, and the addition of oxalic acid to the filtrate allows for lithium recovery. Importantly, the structure of the DES remained unchanged after use, allowing for three recycling cycles without a significant decrease in LiFePO 4 recovery efficiency. This process is environmentally friendly, with no generation of acidic or alkaline wastewater, and boasts high metal recovery rates, showcasing its huge potential for application.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Separations
·
2023
·Vol. 10
·期 4
·251
·
IF 2.6
Lei Zhou,Yongqing Zhang,Lijin Zhang,Xuefeng Wu,Ran Jiang,Lu Wang
A significant amount of iron from the waste nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery sulfuric acid leachate seriously hinders the separation and recovery of nickel and cadmium. Therefore, an efficient and economical way to remove iron from this leachate is desired. This paper demonstrated the efficient iron extraction from a simulated Ni-Cd battery sulfuric acid leachate with saponified Di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). The iron-loaded D2EHPA was then stripped with oxalic acid and the iron was recovered in the form of iron oxalate. This process realizes the efficient separation and high-value recovery of iron. The results showed that the saponification of the D2EHPA greatly promoted the extraction of iron from the Ni-Cd battery sulfuric acid leachate. Under suitable conditions, the iron’s single-stage extraction rate was more than 95%, and the iron’s single-stage stripping rate was more than 85%. Moreover, the iron’s extraction rate was more than 99% after two theoretical extraction stages, and the stripping rate was 95.6% after two theoretical stripping stages. The slope analysis determines that five molecules of D2EHPA were combined with one molecule of Fe3+in the extraction process. The FT-IR analysis shows that the extraction mechanism of Fe3+using the saponified D2EHPA is a cation exchange. These results can help guide the industrial separation and recovery of iron from the waste Ni-Cd battery sulfuric acid leachate.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
冶金工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2021
·
IF 9.297
Ya Gao,Tong Yue,Wei Sun,Dongdong He,Chenglong Lu,Xinzhuang Fu
Acid recovering and iron recycling from pickling waste acid are the desired goal of the steel mills for current ecological requirements and economic benefit. This study proposed a novel method to treatment the pickling waste acid using extraction separation of ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid , following by the spray pyrolysis of ferric chloride stripping liquor. Comparing the Ruthner method, the significant technical advantages of this method is the lower treatment load and operating costs for the spray pyrolysis process, attributing to the reuse of most hydrochloric acid without iron powder neutralizing. Different extractants (TBP, CYC, IA, OA, and PA) are compared to extract ferric ion from high-concentration hydrochloric acid solution and the optimum conditions are researched. Spectroscopic analysis is performed to characterize iron state in extractants. For the stripped solution, spray pyrolysis is employed to produce high-purity Fe 2 O 3 fine particles, meanwhile hydrochloric acid is recovered for following pickling procedure. The results showed that the effect of CYC under lower O/A ratio was better than that of TBP, and the opposite occurred at higher ratios. Three-stage extraction efficiency can reach over 80% at O/A = 2:1. The final O/A ratio of 1:1 was chosen for the stripping of iron-loaded extractants. Raman and UV–visible found that it was [FeCl 4 ] - anion that existed in Fe-loaded TBP and CYC. Spray pyrolysis at 1000 °C can obtain fine pure Fe 2 O 3 and hydrochloric acid. Eventually, a feasible technological process was put forward to recycle all chemicals and achieve zero emission of water and solid waste in the whole process.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
·
2025
·
IF 8.4
Teng Zhang,Jingmin Yan,Zhengchen Li,Hongyang Wang,Peiwei Han,Shufeng Ye
Red mud (RM) is a strongly alkaline solid waste produced during the production of alumina from bauxite. China's RM stockpile exceeds 1 billion tons, with an annual output of over 100 million tons. However, the comprehensive utilization percentage is less than 10%, and the rest are stored around alumina plants, which are severely burdening land and the surrounding environment. This study proposes a combined roasting process, which combines soda roasting with medium-temperature magnetization roasting, to synchronously convert minerals in RM into magnetite and soluble aluminate, to achieve the goals of iron concentrate upgrading and aluminum recovery. Iron concentrate with of yield of 72.52 wt%, total iron (TFe) concentration of 63.84 wt%, iron recovery of 93.47 wt%, and aluminum concentration of 2.53 wt%, and the aluminum product with the Al 2 O 3 concentration of 99.49 wt% were obtained under the optimized process parameters. Four pathways to iron concentrate upgrading that reduce the aluminum concentration during combined roasting are proposed based on the non-isothermal kinetic analysis and phase evolution results. These results can provide theoretical support for the comprehensive utilization of iron and aluminum in RM.
研究领域:
冶金工程
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
·
2025
·
IF 7.2
Yi-bo Wang,Jing-wei Li,Xiao-long Liu,Xin-fei Jiang,Yin-he Lin,Zhi Tian,Jun-jie Yin,Bing-qing Huang,Jia-xin Yang,Chen-xuan Wang,Zi-wang Wu,Shi-xing Ma,Lei Man,Cun-bo Bu,Da-ya Wang
Vanadium extraction tailing slag is difficult to be utilized on a large scale due to their complex mineral composition. A promising collector was proposed to separate iron and gypsum from the vanadium extraction tailing slag with mixed collector of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate by flotation process. The vanadium extraction tailing slag mainly consist of iron oxide, ilmenite, vanadium iron spinel, calcium sulfate and quartz. Under the conditions of pulp pH of 1, ball mill time of 1.5 h, collector ratio of 1:1, pulp concentration of 14.29 g/L, and collector dosage of 2.86 mL/L, content of TFe (total iron) in the vanadium extraction tailing slag increased from 27.5 % to 37.13 %. By seven times flotation processes, TFe content of flotation concentrate can increase to 43.27 % and the flotation tailing can be used as gypsum production. The interaction mechanism between (P204 + P507) collector and vanadium extraction tailing slag was analyzed by XRD, Zeta potential, FTIR and XPS. This method realizes the recovery of iron and gypsum from vanadium extraction tailing slag, and improves the resource utilization efficiency of solid waste residue.
研究领域:
矿物加工
·
冶金学
·
环境工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）